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The first amendment states that all people born in or naturalized in America are citizens, including those of African decent. It states that all citizens are to be given the same rights and states cannot pick and choose how to judge different individuals.
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The 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States. However all slaves were not aware and remained slaves years after the 13th amendment was ratified. The 13th amendment says the only involuntary servitude and enslavement is when someone goes to jail and was rightfully convicted.
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This amendment states that all citizens of the United States have the right to vote. This means that voting was extended to black men. This was shown when the amendment clearly stated: "...shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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The 19th amendment was a huge ground breaking achievement for women and voting. The amendment states that people should not be not granted the right to vote based upon sex
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Dred Scott sued his master because he lived in the free state of Illinois but was being held as a slave. The supreme court ruled 7-2 for Sanford, saying that because slaves are property and are not American citizens they did not have the right to stand trial in court. They also said as property it is wrong to rob Sanford of his property and violated the 5th amendment. This case also held that parts of the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
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Plessy was a man who was 7/8 whites, meaning he was 1/8 black therefore he was black under the law in Louisiana. In efforts to end the separate car act that separated whites and blacks on train rides, Plessy sat on the whites only bus. He was then arrested, and the case was taken to the supreme court, asking if it violated the 14th amendment. The court ruled 7-1 in favor of Ferguson, saying it was not a violation.
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Brown represented the many of African-American students through 5 states who were denied education in certain schools because of racial segregation. Brown was denied in previous courts because of the Plessy v Ferguson ruling that said segregation was legal, however the court ruled unanimously for Brown.
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This was a land marking act that ended segregation and denying employment based on race, religion, sex and other qualities that people discriminated against. This was one of the biggest events and achievements of the Civil Rights movement.
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95 years after the 15th amendment was inducted into the constitution, the voting rights act allowed the enforcement of the 15th amendment. This was important because it gave black people a voice in choosing America's leaders without people stopping them through things such as literacy test.
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In this case Sally and Cecil Reed whom were separated brought the case to the supreme court because Cecil was given his son's estate based on an Idaho law that stated men were superior to women. The court ruled unanimously for for Sally Reed, saying that unequal treatment based on sex is unconstitutional.
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Title IX banned educational discrimination against women. This was apart of education amendments. With all the sex discrimination against women, this was important to give women a fair and equal opportunity in an education
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Allan Bakke who applied for the university's medical school twice was denied because there were spots reserved for qualified minorities through their affirmative action program. Bakke believed this was unconstitutional because he was denied an education because of his race alone. The court ruled 8-1 in Bakke's favor.
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The Americans with disabilities act was created in efforts to stop discrimination against those with disabilities. This was shown in the workforce, education, transportation, access to services and accomadities.
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A group of couples whom were gay in 4 states banned together to challenge the laws against same-sex marriage in their belief that is unconstitutional based on the 14th amendment. The court ruled 5-4 for Obergefell. The majority believed that 14th amendment does grant individuals the right to marry whom they please under normal regulations.
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