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13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States. Slavery no longer existed because of the 13th Amendment. -
14th Amendment
All people born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens of the United States. The Constitution of the United States granted equal civil rights to African Americans. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment gives voting rights to men of all races. They cannot be denied any services of any kind because of their race, color, religion, or gender. -
Plessy V.S. Ferguson
It upheld state racial segregation laws for the public facilities under the "separate but equal" doctrine. -
Nation of Islam
Nation of Islam is an African-American religious and political movement. Nation of Islam was founded on July 4, 1930 in Detroit, MI by Wallace D. Fard. -
CORE is founded
CORE stands for Congress of Racial Equality. CORE was founded by James Farmer, Bayard Rustin, George Houser, and Bernice Fisher in Chicago. -
Malcolm Little
Malcolm Little was arrested in 1946 because he was convicted of burglary charges. Malcolm was sentenced to 10 years in prison, but after serving 7 years, he was granted parole. -
Jackie Robinson integrated Major League Baseball
Jackie Robinson was a 28 year old African American baseball player, who was brought up from the minor leagues to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. He made a big breakthrough in the color barrier of sports, When he took the field, racial segregation in major-league baseball came to an end. -
Executive Order 9981
The Executive Order 9881 was established by President Harry S. Truman. This Executive Order abolished racial discrimination in the U.S. Armed Forces, which this led to establishing equality or treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services. -
Brown V.S. Board of Education
The United States Supreme Court declared laws making separate schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. This overturned the "separate but equal" approach to public schooling. -
Ruby Bridges
At the age of 6, Ruby Bridges became the first African American child to attend an all-white elementary school called William Frantz Elementary School located in New Orleans. She had to be escorted to the school by her mother and U.S. marshals because of violent mobs of people coming at her. -
Murder of Emmett Till
Emmett Till was an African American teenager from Agro, Illinois. At the age of 14, he was lynched in Mississippi after being falsely accused of flirting with a white woman, The men were tried for murder, but an white male jury acquitted them. -
Southern Manifesto
A document written by the United States congress in opposition to racial integration of public places. It was signed by 101 politicians. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott started on December 5, 1955 and ended on December 20, 1956. It was a social and political protest against the racial segregation policy on the public transit system in Montgomery, Alabama. It started because Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on the Montgomery bus, she was arrested and fined, Martin Luther King led a boycott of the city busses, the Supreme Court established that the segregation of public transportation was illegal. -
SCLC is founded
SCLC stands for Southern Christian Leadership Conference, it was founded by Martin Luther King Jr. The SCLC wanted to advance the cause of the civil rights in America, but in a non-violent way. It is an African American civil rights organization. -
Little Rock Nine (Barnette and Eisenhower)
In 1957, Nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School. This was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, where these students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by the Governor of Arkansas. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first act since Reconstruction that the federal government took significant legislative action to protect civil rights. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957. This act increased protection of voting rights. This act was protecting the rights of African Americans. -
SNCC is founded
SNCC was founded by Ella Baker, Diane Nash, Julian Bond, Bernard Lafayette, and Charles Sherrod. SNCC stands for The Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. It was one of the most important organizations of the Civil Rights Movement. -
Greensboro Sit-in's
The Greensboro Sit-in's started on February 1st and ended on July 25, 1960. Four African Americans set down in a restaurant called Woolworth's and asked for service, their service was declined and they were asked to leave but they stayed in their seats. They were Sitting for Justice. -
Freedom Rides
A group of 13 White and African-American civil rights activists made up a ride called "Freedom Rides." The Freedom Rides are multiple bus trips through American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. -
James Meredith and Integration of Ole Miss
James Meredith was an civil rights activist, he came the first African-American to attend the University of Mississippi, this lead to The Ole Miss riot, segregationists were protesting the enrollment of James Meredith. -
Letter from Birmingham Jail
A letter that Martin Luther King Jr. addressed to his fellow clergymen while he was sitting in the Birmingham, Alabama Jail. This letter was important because it served as a tangible account of a long road to freedom in a movement that centered around spoken words and actions. -
Bull Connor and Birmingham, Alabama Protest
The Birmingham, Alabama protest was created by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), they wanted to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans. Bull Connor was a police cheif at the time when the protest was going on, he ordered the police department to use fire hoses to break up the protest. -
Murder of Medgar Evers
Medgar Evers was from Mississippi, he worked as an African American civil rights activist who wanted to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi. He wanted to enact social justice and voting rights. He became the first state field secretary of the NAACP for Mississippi. Medgar Evers was murdered on June 12, 1963. -
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
More than 200,000 demonstrators took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. This march was important because it fought for the rights of African Americans for jobs and freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I have a Dream Speech" during this march, which he calls for an end to racism in the U.S. and calls for civil and economic rights. -
Bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church
The Ku Klux Klan bombed 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four African-American girls as an act of white supremacist terrorism. This happened three weeks after Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. -
24th Amendment
The Constitution of the United States created The 24th Amendment- to abolish the poll tax for all federal elections. This prevented African Americans from having any kind of political power, this affected African- Americans in Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia. -
Murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner
James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were civil rights workers, they were kidnapped, beaten, and murdered by the KKK in Mississippi as an act of racial violence. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public places and ended employment discrimination on religion, color, race, gender, or national origin. This act is considered one of the best legislative successes of the civil rights movement. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer was a voter registration project in Mississippi to expand black voting in the south. CORE and SNCC help make that happen -
Malcolm X Assassinated
Malcolm X was the Nation of Islam Leader. He was shot and killed by Black Muslim Assassins. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Act of 1965 came into law by President Lyndon Johnson. It gave away with literacy test that had restricted voting by black people. -
Watts Riots
The Watts Riots lasted from August 11th-16th, 1965. The Watts riots was sparked by the arresting of an African American man named Marquette Frye, he was arrested by Lee W. Minikus, a white highway patrolman for the suspicion of driving while intoxicated. -
Executive Order 11246
The Executive Order 11246 was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This Executive Order made requirements for non-discriminatory use in hiring and employment of U.S government contractors- proving equal opportunity in federal employment. -
Stokely Carmichael and 'Black Power'
Stokely Carmichael was a civil rights activist. He became the national chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), he is the one who made the 'Black Power' term popular. -
Black Panthers are Founded
The Black Panther was founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. It was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization. -
Loving V. Virginia
A decision made by the United States Supreme Court to invalidate laws prohibiting interracial marriage. Their marriage broke the state's anti-miscegenation statute, the Racial Integrity Act of 1924. -
Newark and Detroit Race Riots
The Newark and Detroit Race Riots started on July 12th and ended on July 17, 1967. It was a violent public disorder which later turned into a civil disturbance that was full of rioting, destruction, and looting. -
Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike
Sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee went on a labor strike to protest unfair wages, unsafe and unsanitary working conditions, and the city's refusal to recognize their sanitation workers union. -
Kerner Commission
Kerner Commission warned people that racism was causing America to move toward two societies, black and white, separate and unequal. Kerner Commission was named after Governor Otto Kerner Jr. and established by President Lyndon B. Johnson, they wanted to figure out the causes of the race riots in the U.S. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968- housing discrimination- the refusal to rent or sell a house to any person because of his race, religion, color, gender, or National Origin. This act could also be called 'Fair Housing Act of 1968'. -
Tommie Smith and John Carlos black power Olympic salutes
The Black Power Olympic Salutes was a political demonstration that was made by Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the summer olympics in the Mexico City stadium. -
Bloody Sunday
British soldiers shot unarmed people during a peaceful protest march against internment. This is how it got its name "Bloody Sunday."
