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13th Amendment
It abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "neither slavery nor involvtary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall been duly covicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juristiction." -
14th Amendment
The goal was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act, passed in 1866, would remain valid. It ensured that "all person's born in hte U.S... excluding Indianas not taxed... were citizens and to be given full and equal benefit of the laws." -
15 Amendment
This Amendment granted African American men the right to vote. It declared that hte "right to citizen s of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of the color, race, or previous condition of servitude." -
Jim Crow
It was racial segregation state and local laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern U.S. that continuned until 1965. It mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in southern U.S. states; starting with "seperate but equal" status for African Americans. -
Literary Tests
Refers to state government practices or administering tests to prospective voters. It was to test their literacy in order to vote. -
Plessy vs Ferguson
Homer Plessy was sent to jail for sitting in the “White” car of the East Louisiana Railroad. When Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, legally segregating the common carriers in 1892, a black civil rights organization decided to challenge the law in the courts. Plessy deliberately sat in the white section. He was arrested and the case went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. -
19th Amendment
This grants all American women the right to vote. -
Korematsu v United States
a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship. -
Sweatt v Painter
Heman Sweat applied for admission to the University of Texas Law School. State law restricted access to the university to whites, and Sweatt’s application was automatically rejected because of his race. When Sweatt asked the state courts to order his admission, the university attempted to provide separate but equal facilities for black law students. The Court held that the Equal Protection Clause required that Sweatt be admitted to the university. The Court found that the "law school for Negroes -
Brown vs Board of Education
This case took on segregation within school systems, or the separation of white and black students within public schools. It overturned the Plessy v Ferguson decision of 1892, which had allowed states legalize segregation within schools. -
Motgomery Bus Boycott
It was sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks on December 1st 1955. THe boycott was a 13 month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses as unconstitutional. -
Affirmative Action
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in Executive Order 10925 and was signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961. It was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 which required government employers to take "affirmative action" to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin". In 1967, sex was added to the anti-discrimination list. -
24th Amendment
It eliminated the ability of govenments whether federal or state, to impose a poll tax or any other type of tax as a requirement for allowing citizens to vote. -
Civil Rights Act
It enabled segregation in public places and banned employment dicrimination an the basis or race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Voting Rights Act
it bans racical descrimination in voting practices by the federal government as well as by state and local govenments. -
Reed vs Reed
This case was an Equal Protection case in the United States in which the Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes. Sally and Cecil Reed, a married couple who had separated, were in conflict over which of them to designate as administrator of the estate of their deceased son. -
• Regents of the University of California v Bakke
Allan P. Bakke, an engineer and former Marine officer, sought admission to medical school, but was rejected for admission by several, in part because, in his early thirties, he was considered too old. After twice being rejected by U.C.-Davis, he brought suit in state court. The California Supreme Court struck down the program as violation of the rights of white applicants and ordered Bakke admitted. The U.S. Supreme Court accepted the case amid wide public attention. -
Bowers v Hardwick
The majority opinion, written by Justice Byron White, argued that the Constitution did not confer "a fundamental right to engage in homosexual sodomy." A concurring opinion by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger cited the "ancient roots" of prohibitions against homosexual sex, quoting William Blackstone's description of homosexual sex as an "infamous crime against nature", worse than rape, and "a crime not fit to be named." -
Lawrence v Texas
: The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory. The Court overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case Bowers v. Hardwick, where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute and did not find a constitutional protection of sexual privacy. -
Fishers vs Texas
a United States Supreme Court case concerning the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Texas at Austin. The Supreme Court voided the lower appellate court's ruling in favor of the University and remanded the case, holding that the lower court had not applied the standard of strict scrutiny, articulated in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), to its admissions program. The Court's ruling in Fisher took Grutter and Bakke as g -
Baskin vs Bogan
The United States Supreme Court denied review of the 7th Circuit's ruling in favor of the freedom to marry. The decision means that the 7th Circuit ruling stands and same-sex couples will be free to marry in Indiana
