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Dred Scott was an African American man who was a slave for John Emerson of Missouri. Emerson was apart of the military and moved often, taking Dred with him. They passed through many free states and territory's. Upon the death of Emerson they were living in a free state, so Dred wanted to buy his freedom from the widow. She refused so Dred sued. The case was ruled in favor of the widow even though slavery west of Missouri is illegal, they said a slave can and never will be a citizen. -
After President Lincoln's failed attempt to end slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation; stating that all persons held as a slave shall be forever free; the 13th Amendment officially abolished slavery. After majority of the states, the house, the president, and the senate voted in favor of the amendment, on December 6th, 1865 it went into affect. In fact the amendment was passed just at the conclusion of the civil war, and for that reason it was harder for Lincoln to convince the majority.
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The 14th amendment allowed citizenship to all of people born or naturalized within the United States. This even included the former enslaved people due to the previous amendment that abolished slavery. The 13th and 14th amendments were just the beginning of the reconstruction era that prioritized equal rights and setting up a fair society for African Americans.
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The 15th amendment was a reminder to all Americans that discrimination by race and color would no longer be tolerated. The amendment stated that all should be allowed to vote and could not be discriminated against based on any factors. This amendment is just another indicator that man states were still not treating the African American community as there equals.
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Homer Plessy refused to sit in the train car for black people, he was arrested and his case ended up in the supreme court. Even with the new amendments in place granting him equal rights the country was under the separate but equal stance. The jury ruled in favor of the judge, stating that it is indeed constitutional to have separate but equal facilities within the interstate railroads. -
The 19th amendment was a huge advance in society for all women. The amendment made it so that all people could vote no matter their sex. The passing of this amendment was a big step for the women's suffrage movement. -
In the Brown vs. Board of Education landmark case it was ruled that segregation was no longer allowed within public schools. This was a big step towards ridding the country of segregation. Brown argued that by separating the kids by race it was depriving them of equal protection that the 14th amendment details out. The court however left the desegregation of school's up to the states digression which led to even more disputes. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the next leap forward for the African American community to finally have equal presence in the states. The act prohibits from the discrimination based on race, religion, sex, gender, color, and even nationality. The act even detailed to say that all of these factors should not be taken into consideration for hiring and firing or it would be considered discrimination. -
The Voting Rights Act was put into place to help aid with difficulties that black people were experiencing within the court system. President Johnson wanted to assist with eliminating barriers that had been put in place that made the legal system significantly harder for African Americans. Even thought the 15th amendment granted them the right to vote many states made up things to make it impossible to vote such as reciting the constitution. -
This landmark case began in Idaho with the death of a son and the law required that a man be selected before a women to be in charge of the estate. So the mother of the deceased son was separated from her abusive husband and was fighting to have the rights to her son's things after his death. She filed an appeal stating that it was wrong just to pick him because he is a male. The courts ruled in favor of the male's stating it was Idaho law. -
The title nine put into place rules and regulations against gender discrimination within the education system. It prohibits any school or school sponsored event that receives federal aid from any sex based discrimination. This particular action was another forum trying to protect people from being discriminated for anything such as gender, sex, race and color. -
Allan Bakke applied to the medical program at the University of California Medical School at Davis twice and both times he was rejected. The school left 16 out of 100 spots for qualified minorities in order to create a diverse ideology. However Bakke found out that his test scores exceeded those of the minority students and felt that the decisions were unfair. The court ruled that Bakke be admitted because they were discriminating against him based on his race. -
The Americans with Disabilities Act was a civil rights law put into place to make sure that people with disabilities were not discriminated against in their daily lives. This protected them in schools, the work place and all aspects of society. This act is very similar to the one created that protects against discrimination towards sex, race, and color. -
The Obergefell vs. Hodges case was a monumental case that allowed Americans the fundamental right to same sex marriage. Groups from around the Midwest sued state agencies for the right to be able to marry same sex. They argued the Equal Protection Clause under the 14th amendment in order to prove that it indeed was discrimination to not allow same sex marriage. They ruled that the same rights that apply to opposite sex couples should apply to same sex couples also.
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