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Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. He resided in Illinois, where slavery was forbidden. After returning to Missouri, Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man. After losing, Scott brought a new suit in federal court. Scott's master maintained that no descendant of slaves could be a citizen. -
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. The actual word of it is "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.". -
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was known as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. It granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States(including former enslaved people) and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” -
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened and heard. -
Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". They asked Plessy, who was technically black under Louisiana law, to sit in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. When Plessy was told to vacate the whites-only car, he refused and was arrested. -
The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the United States and the states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to a vote. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. -
Its relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. In each of the cases, African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. They argued that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex and race when it came to jobs such as, hiring, promoting, and firing. The Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations. It also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools. -
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed. The Voting Rights Act is considered one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history. -
The Idaho Probate Code specified that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates. After the death of their adopted son, both Sally and Cecil Reed sought to be named the administrator of their son's estate. US Supreme Court ruling that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes. -
It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money. The Title ix is a federal civil rights law that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. -
Allan Bakke had twice applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. He was rejected both times. Bakke's qualifications exceeded those of any of the minority students admitted in the two years were rejected. Bakke contended then in the Supreme Court, that he was excluded from admission solely on the basis of race. -
The Americans with Disabilities Act is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas, including employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and access to state and local government' programs and services. -
Groups of same-sex couples sued their relevant state agencies to challenge the constitutionality of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same-sex marriages that occurred in jurisdictions that provided for such marriages. The plaintiffs in each case argued that the states' statutes violated the Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and one group of plaintiffs also brought claims under the Civil Rights Act.
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