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- Austria, c.25,000-20,000 BCE
- Stone - A well-rounded, abstracted female fertility figure, made of stone
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A modeling of the face
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The temple of Athena, Nike
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Image projected through hole upside-down
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Idea of collecting as sign of social class
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(Covered 79AD and preserved by Mt. Vesuvius)
Most text written in scroll form before books -
Mosaic from the Emperor Hardrian’s villa at Tivoli Sosus of Pergamon – Supports the idea that excess = wealth
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Traced back to China - Technology for printing books was available for a long time, but had little use because of the lack of literacy
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Benedictine Order
-Art is to honor God
-Decline in literacy
-Start of apprenticeship and guilds -
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First to use moveable clay type
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Codex (Codices): a series of sacked paper bound at one end
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14th-17th century
Pesaro Modanna- by Titian color and more realistic baby -
1377 Korea – (a religious text) one of the first known documents that used metal type
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Book on how to achieve good health
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Invented by Architect Fillipo Brunelleschi
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Said to be earliest execution of linear perspective
Figures have volume
New Style of Florentine Realism -
Shen Zhou
Ming Dynasty -
Ritualistic behaviors- not sure about exact date
Was brought into field in order to solve crop issues -
Jan Van Eyck, Flanders, Northern Europe, 1434. - Oil on wood panel
Symbols…
Candles Burning: divine presence
Golden Apples and Oranges: conquest of death
Medallions on Mirror: passion of Christ
Shoes taken off: shows couple is on holy ground
Dog: Fedelity -
Humanism- study of classics
Alberti-Della Pictura regain understanding of perspective -
There are only four colors, blue, red, gray, and green
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Virgin Mary nursing Jesus
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Combines screw presses with moveable metal type - Makes more copies of Bible available, leading to more accessible knowledge
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Tempera and gold on wood – Use of food as symbolism: Apples & fly = sin and evil, cucumber and gold finch = redemption
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Leonardo da Vinci
- 1495 to 1498 - Milan, Italy
- shows a ritual meal as a religious ceremony - formal & symmetric composition -
Arnolfini Wedding-Jan Van Eyck-1434
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Sculpted head and hands larger so they would appear normal when viewed form the ground
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Raphael; Fresco
1509-1511 -
- Lucas Cranach the Elder
- The view of female sexuality as sin
- Hyper stylized image
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- Titian
- For men, sensual, available, angled woman
- An object of male sexual desire
- By painting Venus, the artist can claim they are not making porn because Venus is historically painted naked
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder
- lots of skeletons taking over humans regardless of their class -
Part of The Four Seasons by Giuseppe Arcimboldo (worked for the Hapsburgs)
- Object Oriented Abstraction – combining objects to make them look like something else
- Surprising that this was accepted – advanced and contemporary -
- Pieter Bruegel the Elder (famous for depicted peasant life and everyday life)
- Completed between 1567-1569
- Flemish Wedding – food as a support of peasant life
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High drama
1600-1750 -
- Juan Sanchez Cotan – 1602-1603
- Uses symbolism to tell a story – meditation on goodness and purity and excess
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- Frans Snyders - (Baroque) heightened sence to the paintings of this period
- Frans was Flemish, 1579-1657 – animals use symbolism and a mix of different qualities
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- Artemisia Gentileschi
- 1614-1620 (Baroque)
- Women triumphing over powerful men
- Artemisia was raped by her painting teacher – caused her to paint with a different style than she did before
- Victims of sexual assault treated like damaged goods
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Pieter Claesz
-usually identified by a skull -
Speaks to mother still having sexuality
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Academic style
Seen as luxury hobby for rich -
- Johannes Vermeer – c. 1657-1658
- Realness, not idealized like Queens or the Virgin Mary
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Painted another one in 1660
His paintings gain more light as he gets older -
- Jan Steen – (Dutch, Leiden 1626-1679 Leiden) 1663-64
- Hints of fun and sin
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- (1700-1750): builds off of Baroque in terms of excess, interest in the East
- Influenced by increased contact with non-Europe countries due to trade
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Figures out primary colors
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- Completed in 1710
- Built by Louis XIV – The Sun King – Moved the bureaucracy (French court) to the palace
- Baroque
- Interior: attention and love of excess – decadent aesthetic added to the move of power
- Baroque but meets up in terms of its usage with Rococo and Louis XV
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- Interested in making architecture that expresses a purpose
- A return to the grandeur and severity of Greek architecture and clean lines
- Lived 1728 - 1799
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- c.1757 – feticism of the past
- Neo Classical
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Looks older in the 1790 painting versus the one painted in 1794
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Jacques Louis David
-Marat was murdered by Charlot Corday
-Painting was made for his friend to remember him -
- Cook Islands, Polynesia
- c. 1800-1900s. Wood – has a large penis showing virility
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- 1806-1836 Jean Chalgrin, Louis- Êtienne Héricart de Thur
- Built by Napoleon
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
- Her sexuality is still conditioned by the male gaze -
1815- Started to look a little ill
1820- Paints portrait with his doctor- looks very ill -
Theodore Gericault
-Studied bodies at morgue so he could paint them realistically -
- John Constable – 1821-22
- Famous landscape painter
- Focus on the landscape and depicting an emotional space
- Other Works: The Gleaners, Brighton 1824, The Sea near Brighton 1826
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Joseph Nicéphore Niépce - 1826 or 1827. Printed on a metal plate using emulsion. "heliography"
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- This painting (The Savage State)
- A series of paintings that explain the relationship between humans and nature
- Founder of Hudson River School
- Second painting (The Arcadian or Pastoral State)
- Third (The Consummation of Empire) – The same space changing based on human interaction
- Fourth (Destruction)
- Fifth (Desolation)
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First known picture of a person
Louis Daguerra (1787-1851)
Continued the work of Niépce and created images he called “Daguerrotypes”
used a shorter exposure time and chemical emulsion to create an image -
Also painted George Sand
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The Desperate Man, 1843
Self Portrait at Sainte-Pelagie, 1872
Self Portrait with Striped Collar, 1842-44 -
Jon Mix Stanley
– Showing Native Americans as noble savages – untame – violent – sexual – -
- c.1845
- Focuses on the energetic properties of nature Other Works: Three Seascapes c.1827, Snow Storm – Steam-Boat off a Harbour’s Mouth exhibited in 1842
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Sculpture in memorial for him
He is clutching his heart in his hand- the original had his dried heart ( was stolen and replaced) -
Discovered paper as an option for pictures
Called these images “calotypes” or “talbotypes” -
Speculation about whether cannonballs were moved to stage the photo
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Edouard Manet
- Troubling for the academy at the time because of its directness
- The woman looks you in the eye, she has power in her position -
Renaissance development coming appart - brushstrokes starting to loosen up
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Timothy H. O' Sullivan
-Sometimes criticized for moving bodies for "perfect shot" -
The Artist in His Studio
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- Gustave Courbet
- New Realism Period
- A woman who is a subject of male desire, she has already been used
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James McNeil Whistler
Fear and respect for mother- no warm tones -
Camille Pissarro
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Frederic Edwin Church - c. 1877
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Edouard Manet
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Body was found in the river and there was no sign of struggle- thought to be a suicide
Her face was so serene that the morgue made a cast of her face and it became famous -
- Rejected the speed of industry
- British origins, popular throughout Europe and USA – traditional craftsmanship anti-industrial, centered on labor reform socialist critique o William Morris 1834-1896 o John Ruskin 1819-1900
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Icon corner- in Russian Orthodox, its a place in the home that is used to place icons so that they can pray to them- faces the east
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Edouard Manet
- A barmaid/female prostitute in Paris
- Oranges: start meaning prostitute instead of paradise -
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1882-83
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- Vincent Van Gogh
- Showed everyday life – humbleness
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Claude Monet
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
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Vincent van Gough – Spring 1887, Paris
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Self Portrait=1889
He has a serpent, apples, and veil
-looks like he is above both good and evil
Self portrait-1896
Self portrait with palette 1893-4 -
Paris – Humans on exhibition, 19th -20th century
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1890
1875-77 self portrait on rose background -
- (Art New-vo)
- Inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers
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Painting is becoming focused more on the art of it and not recreating images
Claude Monet- Rouen Cathedral -
The Banjo Lesson
One of first African American artists to gain notoriety in 19th century -
- Paul Cezzanne
- The artist is not bound to painting only what they see – let go of photorealism (because they have a camera now)
- Ignored perspective – the materiality of paint – shows apples but in reality shows the paint
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- Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
- 1892-1895
- Well know for his dinners – a history of artists thinking of food as art
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Pablo Picasso – (Blue Period)
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- Antonio Gaudí – 1906-1912
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Egon Schiele
Both died in childbith- produces chilling image -
1857-1913 – Signifier and Signified
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Giorgio de Chirico
Artists are ignoring perspective -
- The representamen (signifier) – The sign’s form.
- An interpretant – What the audience or individual makes of the sign
- An object (signified) – What the sign refers to.
- Icon – Signifier resembles signified
- Index – Causal connection to signified smoke>fire, footprint>foot
- Symbol – Socially agreed upon, arbitrary relationship to signified.
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Replaces icon corner with black square
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- James Ensor
- Evokes the Last Supper – during German occupation – Belgians and famine
- Painted his own paintings into his paintings
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Claims that urinal is art because he says so- this is then photographed and is translated into a different kind of art
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Portrait by: Man Ray
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- Hannah Hoch
- Images questioning gender bias
- Resistance to the female body being a complete entity
- Recombination of sexual bodies
- Images of not being confined to your given gender
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Vladimir Tatlin 1919-1920
- A design for a grand monumental building by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin
- Was never built -
- Luxury, Glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress
- Influenced by cubism
- Embracing mass production and technology – futuristic world
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- Bird in Space 1928
- The Newborn 1915 – (white)
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Futurist- wanting to move quickly forward
-first example of artists defining their own work and not using standards -
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Méret Oppenheim
- A woman straggling a newborn child
- A devastating image of trying to escape from expectations -
- Joined Nazi party in 1931 – lead architect of Nazi party (Claimed he did not know about the Holocaust)
- March 19,1905 – September 1, 1981
- Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production for Nazi Germany and Chief Architect of Hitler’s Germany
- Lasting impact and how the building would leave ruins
- Ruins = symbol of a great nation
- The unbuilt Nazi Pantheon
- Zeppenfield – 1936 Olympics held here in Germany
- Emphasis on grandeur and magnificence – Greek Revival
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Walter Benjamin
He was concerned with mass reproduction and losing the meaning of the original -
Propaganda film by Leni Riefenstah that showcased the Nazi party
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The Wonder Gaze (St. James Park, CA)
He takes lynching [photographs and removes the dead body to create a sense of violence without the actual subject -
The Luncheon in Fur
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Dorothea Lange
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Kathe Kollwitz
dedicated her life to depicting WWI and WWII
her art was removed by Nazis and she was threatened to be put in death camps -
Pablo Picasso
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Frida Kahlo
- One wearing traditional European dress and a Hispanic dress
- The splitting in two after her divorce
- She reinforced her image a lot -
Comic fanzines
-Made really quickly to get info out at a fast rate -
Freedom from Want
Title comes from FDR's state of union speech -
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Bio Art - Grows a third ear on his arm – sensitive to touch
born 1946 -
- Bio Art Saint Orlan – early practitioners of bio art – underwent plastic surgery to look like famous male painter’s ideal images of women
- born 1947
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Alberto Giacometti
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"thinking about the 4th dimension"
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Systematization of color that is a streamline for the color industry
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Mixed blue color and patented it
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Guy DeBord and Asger Jorn
-cover made from sandpaper -
Recreated in Cubism
Artists started to flatten images -
- Yves Klein
- Women painted themselves and rolled on paper
- The women didn’t feel like they were being used, that they were collaborators to Yves work
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- Influenced by letterists, a politically left group of artists and activists active in the 1940’s who were inspired by Dada and Surrealism but advocated for greater critical discourse
- Founded by Asger Jorn and Guy DeBord
- Developed theories such as Spectacle, Phytogeography and the “derive”
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Alberto Giacometti
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Literaturwurst- shredded up books to be "sausages"
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Make a salad- performance art
it;t about the activity eating not the materials -
Campbell's Soup Cans
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Asger Jorn
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Wrote Interaction of Color- was very influential
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Prose Poems
snare pictures-objects kept in their normal positions, but are then fixed and mounted
Kichka's Breakfast -
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The Triumph of Mussels
Was a poet and quit to do art -
Joseph Kosuth
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Each painting was the days date- he would destroy a painting if he couldn't finish it in that day
-made nearly 3,000 -
- Guy DeBord (1931-1994)
- “All that was once directly lived has become mere representation.”
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"Dance or Exercise on the Perimeter of a Square (Square Dance)", 1967-68
- Can anything that I do in the studio be considered art because it was done in studio
- “Failing to Levitate in the Studio” 1966 -
Examples:
- The serpent Mound 300 BCE
- Maya Lin Homage to Serpent Mound
- Richard Long – A Line Made By Walking 1967
- Michael Heizer – Double Negative (1969-70) -
Moshe Safdie - 1967
- low-cost housing - minimize the land use - provided privacy and individualized living within a group setting -
David Hammons
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Bas Jan Ader
Gets the seconds before he falls in photographs
Went on voyage and was never found- he was an experienced sailor so people were suspicious that he died -
- Spiral Jetty 1970 Other Works: A Nonsite, Franklin, New Jersey, 1968
- Takes material from a site and asks the question is it still that site? Other Works: partially Buried Woodshed 1970
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14 black paintings on the wall
He committed suicide and did not get to see the chapel completed -
-Images come to you, pilgrimages are over
-The meaning of paintings shown on TV can differ dramatically from how they are in reality- panning over painting to show landscape, zooming in on one subject for emphasis etc. -Reproduction of art can make the meaning ambiguous -
Bought crater and is not open to public
Tickets are very expensive -
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- Hannah Wilke
- 1974-82
- Advertisment-like images of her with chewing gum
- Trying to reinsert a positive self-image
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David Hammons
- Stereo typing is a way of forcing a flattened identity -
TV Buddha
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Ana Mendieta
- Artist’s body in dirt
- famous for her earth works -
- Cindy Sherman
- Photographs with black-face, never apologizes
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- Christo and Jeanne-Claude – 1976
- Work with fabric on a massive scale – 24.5 miles
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Walter de Maria
- Attract lightning -
Quilting Time
Worked as social worker -
Abstract and photo realistic paintings
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Fallen Angel
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Maya Lin- was 21 year old female who won contest and was of Chinese descent
-There were some changes to her original design -
Controversial and it is a series of her children, her, and her husband
-Children are posed doing things that may be seen as sexual or adult like -
Circumambulation- the act of walking around something sacred in a ritualistic way
-Doc Martens were known to be worn by police and skinheads -
Founded 1985. “Do women have to be naked to get into the Met. Museum?”
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Edgar Heap of Birds (b. 1954)
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David Wojnarowicz
-ants eating Christ's body; very disturbing and was removed from exhibit because of backlash -
David Hammons, 1986
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Andres Serrano- photo
Pissed on picture of Jesus -
Yasumasa Morimura
- Men dress as women of Manet’s Olympia
- Reflects on art history and the lack of human inclusiveness -
- Lorna Simpson
- Documenting black American life
- Put at a distance because she does not show the face only the different hairstyles
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Justseeds Artists’ Cooperative is a decentralized network of 30 artists committed to social, environmental and political engagement
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Adrian Piper
It’s genetic and social fact that according to the conventions of racial classification in this country you are black. So if I choose to identify myself as black whereas you do not just a special, personal fact about me. It’s a fact about me…. -
Keith Haring (1958-1990). Offset lithograph
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Works with light as material
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The Kitchen Table Series-most noted for
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Untitled
175 pounds of hard candy- Aids epidemic -
Avid reader and his paintings are dominated by text
-Another work titled Condition Report-2000 -
– 1992-1993 performance art piece by artist Guillermo Gómez-Peña and Coco Fusco
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During this time, the cool thing to do was appropriate eastern culture
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Faceless Women of Allah Series
Rebellious Silence- the weapons in the photos divide the picture -
Wigs- Portfolio of twenty-one lithographs n felt with 7 lithographed felt text panels
Guarded Conditions-1989 -
Terry Adkins 1994/97
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Has been in and out of jail in China for his radical presentations
-dropping a Han Dynasty Urn-1995
-Documentary: Never Sorry-2012 -
Maya Lin
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- Nikki S. Lee
- Also, The Senior Project – The Hispanic Project
- All of the work is so heavy in stereo types – simplification of a race to one flat image
- Tricked people into her own belonging
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-Takes only paintings and re-positions the imagery and how they're built
Mr. and Mrs. Andrews without their heads
The Swing (after Fragonard)-2001 -
Holocaust memorial
-casts the inside of buildings -
- Eduardo Kac
- Glow in the dark bunny
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Her work showcases all periods of art history
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Born in Columbia
Installation at 8th International Istanbul Biennial- what she became famous for
-"Shibboleth"-2007= broke open the floor of the Tate museum -
Many were killed during this regime and prisoners revisit the scenes of where they were imprisoned
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Tattoo on chest reads pervert
Seen as "non-traditional mother"
Background resembles colors of Renaissance Madonna Paintings -
Walked through street with paint can that had hole in it and made green line in Israel
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Similar to Shonibare
Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps-2005
Ice T-2005 -
Maren Hassinger
- Present
- Pink plastic shopping bags with love notes inside, inflated by human breath – every time its different -
Ai Wei Wei
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Peter Eisenman created it to honor victims
There was criticism that it was too abstract so they added a visitor center -
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- Fritz Haeg
- focuses on urban wildlife
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taxidermized stuffed horse
-INRI is written and stuck into it- could be referencing Christ and the inscription about the cross -
Edgar Aceneaux
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Maren Hassinger
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Recreated the final meals of famous convicts before they were executed on death row
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He stood quietly in the square against protest of the Islamic gov't
-Became the face of Turkey's protest -
both Palestinian
"The Incidental Insurgents" -
Claim- Bologna on wall with faces and white paint
-letter describes false information -
Made to honor those killed in police brutality
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Curated by Kara Walker
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Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby
-work is inspired by slave trade and sugar cane plantations -
- Wangechi Mutu
- The female form is almost always central in her art
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- Stated by Amandla Stenberg and Willow Smith
- Reinforcing women of color in a space they were traditionally excluded from (the white dominated art world)
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Sound suit- they are meant to be worn
Speak Louder-2011 -
Installation view of Double Cross-2013
Monochrome Black History -
Showcases works by many of the most important African American artists of the last three decades
