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Triangular Trade
The first start of trading. Was between 3 countries which included the Colonies, Europe, and Africa. All are traded in the shape of a triangle. Europe traded items like sugar and coffee, while Africa traded enslaved people, and the Colonies traded rum and more. But with these came new crops, animals, materials, clothes, tools, and many more, but the more affected item that was traded was diseased. Diseases went everywhere and got many people sick and killed them since they were new, nothing heal -
Samuel Adams
Was one of the Founders of the Sons of Liberty. Helped lead and fight in the American Revolution. One of the many who stood up for the colonist freedom and planned many rebellious acts. He helped organized the colonist to get ready for the revolution. 2nd president of the U.S. was announced by Washington himself. Though not a very good president he did keeps us from fighting with the French even though the people didn't feel like that was the right thing going under their backs but it was. -
The Enlightenment
A movement in the 1700s that rejected traditional ways of life and looked for a more rational and scientific way to explain the world we live in. Encouraged people to question and test what they thought they knew or believed. They began to question the government, who has the right to rule, where that right comes from, does the government have any reponsablitles to the people, does man have " natural rights". Great surge of literacy in the colonies,publications increased, new religious context. -
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence. The third president of the U.S., while president brought Lousiana in the Lousiana purchase. He was the first secretary of state when Washington was president. Founded the Democrat-Republicans and used to be called the Jeffersonian Republicans. He was an anti-federalist which meant he believed that the states should have a government and not have a central government. The election of 1800 is most known for his rival Hamilton choosing him. -
The Albany Congress
Benjamin Franklin came up with the Albany congress and plan which was to have a public sway, discuss Native American allies, contact the advantage of the French, no colony is big enough to stand up to France, urging them to join together to defend each other, made a political cartoon showing this, 1st time someone suggests the colonies should be more than 13 colonies. 1st time they consider the idea of unity. These were the first steps to our now government and democray which we have now. -
Treaty of Paris
Was signed by the three main countries, Britain, France, and Spain. This was the end of the seven-year war or also known as the French and Indian war between France and Great Britain. -
The Stamp Act
One of the many acts that lead to the American revolution. The stamp act was where British soldiers came into the 13th colonies and stayed at the house of the people mostly the rich and government officials. The soldiers stayed and watch everything that the people do whoever they talked to and more. The people could not reject the soldiers, they were forced to have them stay at their houses. This followed the other acts like the sugar act, the tea act, and many many more affected and shaped us. -
Boston Massacre
While the British were guarding the capital the colonist would do anything to make them upset like throwing snowballs and protesting but one snowball had a rock and set one of the men off to shoot. Which then went out into a full massacre with both sides fighting but then a shot was heard known as the shot heard around the world. Five colonists were shot one being a freed black man. The British open fired on the colonist for being rude and annoying. Was one of the first acts that lead to freedom -
Benjamin Franklin
Before the Revolution happened he tried to unify the colonies together in a famous political cartoon stating that if we don't join together we died. He also created the Albany plan which turned into the Albany Congress and can even be our first attempt at a free government run by the colonist. Even after the war, he helps draft the Constitution. Was a scientist, political person, and writer. Helped negotiate with the French so that we could use their resources and have an alliance with them. -
The Sons and Daughters of Liberty
American colonists who supported the patriot cause. They went out of their way to ignore the taxes and tariffs that were placed on items that they traded with other countries. The daughters made clothes, teas, and other items. While the sons were more out there and act on more extreme terms. One was the Boston Tea Party, where they ran out covered in the paint like native Americans and went to a ship and pushed all the tea off it. Both were important and protested these acts and taxes. -
Boston Tea Party
While day drinking the Sons of Liberty thought it would be a good idea to throw all the tea off some ships. Led by Samuel Adams the sons painted their faces to look like Indians and ran almost naked to the ship dock and threw off all the tea on one ship. This was to go against the acts but also the monopoly that the King was playing in the colonies. -
The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of this paper. An improvement from the Articles of Confederation and when tested it did not break. Known as America's Birth Certificate. Gives a reason for why the country was created and gives ideas, hopes, and more to the people. This set the final bar for declaring independence from Great Britain and becoming a free country. Was signed on the 2nd of August but congress accepted it on July 4th. It made everyone feel equal in a way. Still supports us today -
" American Crisis"
Thomas Pain wrote the American Crisis to inspire confidence back into Washington's soldiers after losing so many wars. He also invoked emotions into the colonist to inspire them that they could win this war. He also told them that god was on their side and he would not make them do anything that he didn't do. In the end, he offers a grim vision of the future as the colonist yield to Britain, they must feel that they can defeat Britain in the Revolutionary war. -
The Articles of Confederation
The colonies' first attempt at creating a government. Had many cracks in them. It was formed for the states but not for a strong central government since they didn't want to be like Great Britain. It did negotiate and passed many bills and treaties. Put all the power onto one branch and did not separate the power so that people could not hold so much power. Congress could not really control anything the states did everything. This was finally brought to light when Shay's Rebellion happened. -
The Battle of Yorktown
Washington since an opportunity to keep the British army ordered Lafayette to keep Cornwallis occupied at Yorktown. He then combined his army with 4,000 French troops under the command of Comte de Rochambeau and marched south as the French navy rushed to seize control of the Chesapeake Bay. British were sent to escape but ran into Hamilton and On the 19th Washington signed the final surrender terms just as a British fleet set sail. Later that day 8,00 troops surrendered in an open meadow. -
The Constitution
Set the colonies up for their own government and rules. Created the amendments for the people, and created three branches of the government so that not one of them would have more power than the other or get high off that power. Allowed cases to be moved up the branches till eventually going to congress depending on how important the case seemed to be or if they could not come to an agreement. Also created the Bill of Rights which include the first ten amendments. Created new jobs at congress. -
George Washington
Know mostly for being the 1st president but actually started as an army general in the American Revolution and even fought when we were with the British. He was a great general and was one of the many reasons that we won the American Revolution, with his great plan of crossing Delaware on Christmas eve night. Even after the Revolution he was a great president and installed many rules that a president must follow. He even put both parties in his cabinet to see both sides of an issue. -
Henry Clay
He was a congressman, senator, speaker of the house, and many more things. But one thing he did was save the country many times. He saved us from falling apart and going against each other in multiple Civil Wars. He came up with the most compromises the country had to help both sides of the issue. He influenced every part of the country whether it was politically, economically, or just socially, he was one of many who helped shape this country into where it is today.After his death a war broke -
Alexander Hamilton
Was a writer that made his way through serving in the American Revolution but also was known as Washington's right-hand man. He became secretary of state when Washington was president and was part of the cabinet. He is famously known for creating the first national bank and coming up with that plan, but also known for his rivalry with Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton also helps us in the revolution by making an ally with France. He wrote the federalist papers which helped defend the constitution. -
Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Several officers were killed during the riots because they could not be stopped nor could anyone stop them. Finally, the U.S. army was sent out, led by Gergore Washington to stop these riots or a battle would happen between the two. While one rebellion showed a bad light this one shone a light on the Constitution that held up with the new government. The Constitution applied to fix all these riots and had rules that dealt with rebellions -
Alien and Sedition Acts
During John Adams's presidency, when the people wanted him out of office he did many last things to make sure that the Federalists did not go out of power. These acts made it more difficult for immigrants or what he knew them as aliens to gain citizenship to become United States citizens. The process now took 5 to 14 years of waiting. While the sedation acts made it so that no one could criticize the government for any choice that it made. This was to stop the public from trashing Adams. -
Transportation Revolution
The steam boast was created by Robert Fulton and piloted the Clemont upstream from New York City to Albany, proving commercial possibilities. This enhances the rivers of the nation turning them into our first " Highways". While the canal system created links from towns to major rivers and lakes. The era of the canal ended with the proliferation of the cheaper and faster railroad. Also powered by the steam engine, the railroad makes it possible to easily ship and receive goods in cities. -
Invention of the Steam Engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and the 1770s. Steam power was then applied to the machinery. It turned the wheels of mechanized factory production. it became the energy source for many new mechanized items and continued to evolve as the years goes on. using both water and wind to power it, using the natural rescouse do not create worse -
Marbury v Madison
Adams decided on his last day in office to send letters out so that the Federalists could stay in power. Madison finds these letters, Jefferson tells him to throw them out, this upsets John Marbury who was supposed to get a letter. He then sues Madison to get his position. Supreme Court sides with Madisons refusal to give Marbury the position based on fact of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme court claims the right of Judicial Rights to shot down anything that is unconstitutional -
The Embargo of 1807
Great Britain and France were at war with each other again. Both countries traded with America which led to them saying that we could not trade with either Britain or France. Jefferson was president at this time and he wanted to remain neutral. He then imposed an embargo or a ban on all foreign trade with anyone, though this can be called one of his faults. He boasted all American manufacturing -
The British Burn the Capital
August 1814, the British army invaded the United States and marches on Washington D.C during the war of 1812. With barely, any American soldiers lose a brief fight and razed the government buildings. During this presidency, James Madison and his wife Dolly Madison have just sat down for dinner when told to leave. Dolly refused and told them all to grab anything they deemed important to save. When the British soldiers went inside the Capital they ate the dinner saying it was still warm. -
The Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson gathers random people to fight a war against Britain. America built a dirt wall and trench. Mauled the British army by hiding behind earthworks and cannons. British loss 2,042 people while America only loss 71. This was after the Treaty of Ghent was signed because no one in America knew the war of 1812 was over. Jackson will go down for winning the war but this also showed other countries that we are not to be messed with and we should be considered an actually country -
The Rise of Democracy
This rosed from the federalists and anti-federalists. They thought everything had to be equal for people and that the states should have the rights and their government, some were not a big fan of this idea mostly the north. It happened right after Washington said that we do not need political parties. With this came the idea of camping for example giving buttons, speeches, and mudslinging each opponent. Having split parties meant that the government was going to be favored by one side. -
The 2nd Great Awaking
There were two prominent people who started the 2nd great awaking named Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher. They started free will and worked to the point of the condition of your soul, the Churches were the vehicle of social change and favored women since they had the influence of their church views and opinions on their families, especially their kids. This made a more significant role for women in the community. They also condition for abolition to get rid of slavery. They also have a voice. -
The Mexican-American war
Broke after the Almo when president Jame K Polk sent men to the unclaimed territory between Mexico and America the men were then killed on that land and the president started saying that " American men were killed on American land" . Revenge is now wanted among the states. American troops flood across the territory and win battle after battle. They pushed American troops and captured the capital Mexico City. After losing they sign the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Ends up expanding the states. -
Seneca Falls
Was the very first women's convention where they could vote and talk about their opinions. Even some men came and listen to them. This was during the second Great Awaking Women of all ages could go to New York and discuss their suffrage and how men were unfair to them. They also created a new constitution stating that free men and women shall get the same rights as one another. Though they were laughed at it was the first step to the Women's rights movement which got them the right to vote. -
Bleeding Kansas
Starting when Kansas had not chosen whether to be a free or slave state so both the north and south tried to persuade it into being what they wanted. When the election came a bunch of people put in fake votes which lead it to be a slave state. This led to John Brown who said it was God's duty for him to get rid of slavery, going to Kansas finding a cabin of families who supported slavery taking them out of their houses separating the men from the women and chopping them into pieces with a sword. -
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States. Sprouting from the Whig party it sadly collapsed and is now called the Republicans. Lincoln lost and lost to his opponent Stephen Douglas. First lost to him for a seat in the U.S senate. In the 1860 election, the south was worried about Lincoln getting elected. He was against slavery but he knew he could not end it. He wanted to be like Washington and untied the country back together. He wanted to hold the country and be one again. -
The Anaconda Plan
First major plan in the Civil War. Was a strategy used for the Union, created by General Scott. This involved cutting off three major areas in the south, they wanted to control the Mississippi river and control the South ports so they could not trade their cotton and basically, this would starve the South out and make them either forfeit the war or die. The Union could also capture the southern capital Richmond also, Only the south was ready and the Union did not win a war for 2 years. -
The first battle of Bull Run
This was the first battle that started the Civil War. The Northern people thought it would be an easy and simple battle and would not last very long. Their plan was to attack the capital, take it over and the war is done and over with. People even came and watch the war, having picnics so they would not miss a thing. When the war started the north undertook but the south was not expecting to lose the war to the south. The South had a much greater military generals who were passed through family. -
The Homestead Act
We were faced with two problems overpopulation and what to do with the west. Lincoln came up with this act which gave anyone who wanted it 168 acres of land but it came with rules, they had to live on it for 5 years, farm it, and improve it. This mostly appeals to the lower class since they didn't have much and can almost have a new start. But it resolved the problems by making the west more productive and helped the immigration problem by moving the people out west. Happend during the civil war -
The Pacific Railroad Act
Started during the Civil War when Lincoln wanted to connect the east and west coast. To help create a more industrialized way in the west and have more people move out there due to overpopulation. It also helped with trade and moving products back and forth much easier. The railroad also allowed the people who built it had gained more land and live on it. Brought opportunities to all and they gained more access to new immigration out west. The government even granted land for colleges. -
African-American Recruiting Poster
During the Civil War, the Union would recruit free blacks to join the army. With this came no promotion opportunities or career improvements for them but they also get paid as soldiers but less than regular soldiers. Their job was to do the dirty work that no one else wanted to do like digging trenches. The famous 54 was a group of blacks led by general colonel shawl who was tough and treated them like any other soldier but he stood up for them and got them the same things as white soldiers. -
Lincoln's 10% plan
Lincoln felt that the nation could only be unified again if there were no feelings of animosity. His plan was the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. Pardons would be given to any confederate leader who swore under oath to the union and constitution, and that also agreed to emancipation. Any state could be readmitted once at 10% of its voters had sworn loyalty oaths. States also had to form new state constitutions that outlawed slavery. This was after the Civil war had ended, unifying US -
The Battle of Gettysburg
A large battle in the Civil War took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. This battle was the official battle in which the North won the Civil War. But also known for general Ulysses S. Grant. Who led us to win the war after many horrible generals. The bloodiest battle of this war and almost any war. The whole Civil War had the most casualties of any war and to this day one of the bloodiest wars ever killing many Americans. This battle alone was one of the deadliest. -
Sherman's march to the sea
A sixty-mile-wide swath of destruction across southern states starved the southern states of no supplies or anything. They burnt everything they marched by plantations, towns, anything. Break all commutation and railroad ways. With this Sherman was deadly and the southern people fled. This was going on at the same time as Gettysburg which is where the north won the civil war. The people felt they morally boasted with Sherman. Feeling great and powerful Sherman and north had the confidence. -
Wade-Davis Bill
Most Republicans in congress, many of them Radical Republicans felt that Lincoln's plan was too lenient on the southern rebels. 50% of a state's vote had to swear an oath of loyalty to the union. Only non-confederates were allowed to vote and hold any political offices. Lincoln refused to sign the bill stating that it was too harsh on the southern people and states. Sadly though he was assassinated in Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth. After this vice president Andrew Johnson took over. -
Freedman's Bureau
This was created after the Civil War during Reconstruction to help the freed blacks get on their feet and start owning their own things. Its main goal was to help newly freed blacks transition to a life of Freedom. They did this by starting schools, negotiating labor contracts, securing loans, helping find and purchase land, and even providing legal aid for them. This also helped the poor southern community after the Civil War since most of their stuff was either destroyed or was burned. -
The 14th Amendment
Passed by Republicans but was nervous to pass it. It was made to treat all people the same and have the same rights. All people born in the U.S. were full citizens. All people that were naturalized( complete the immigration/citizenship process) were full citizens. All U.S. states were required to protect US citizens with full protection through the laws and legal process. Former confederate leaders could no longer hold state or federal offices. States could not deny the people the voting rights -
Congress Reconstruction
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867. These stripped the southern states of their political power and divided them into five military districts which were placed under the jurisdiction of the union army. They stated that if a southern state wanted to rejoin the union, it had to ratify the 14th Amendment and create a state constitution that guaranteed all men the right to vote. But this was also the time of Andrew Johnson's impeachment when congress passed the Tenure of Office act, after he is gone. -
Life in the Reconstruction South
The south had been almost completely decimated by the Civil War. The labor sources were lost with emancipation, the railroad system was destroyed, Sherman had destroyed many if not all of the farmlands in the deep south, and 1in 10 men were killed during the Civil War. Many southern whites turned to violence in an effort to regain control of the government again. This leads to many racist groups the most popular being the Ku Klux Klan, the main idea of all this was Redemption, reconstruction bye -
Jim Crow Laws
A system of laws ensuring that social segregation was happing in transportation, accommodations, schools, courts, and more. This arose in the southern states quickly. Many democrats excluded black voters. The North nor the federal government did little to nothing to prevent this from happing and protect the blacks from this happening as said in the 14th Amendment. This could be considered a step up from the black codes and was the main reason the civil rights movement happened. -
The Dawes Act
It passed in 1887 and was similar to the homestead act but for Native Americans. Offered 160 acres to each head of native American family. They took advantage of this change to have land again. Opportunity for the Native Americans. Many whites believed this to be a generous act from the government, granting land. Religious and humanitarian groups or " Friends of the Indians" urged the natives to take advantage. The government really was stealing and getting rid of reservations lands. -
Americanization of the Native Americans
Taking Native American kids as young as six and forcing them to attend boarding schools to help Americanize them. They were forced to change their name, cut their hair, give up all cultural beliefs, and were forced to speak English. This broke ties with their tribes and served their loyalty to their family and tribes. America outlawed all Indian practices and religion. Once the kids returned they had to fine their own homes and this cut off the generations of Indians quickly after this happen. -
Plessy V. Fergusen
In 1896 the United States Supreme Court ruled in a 7-1 vote, that " separate but equal" accommodations on a railroad cart conformed to the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection. That decision was used to justify segregating all public facilities, including schools. Most school districts, ignoring Plessy's " equal" requirement, neglected their black schools. This ruling held until 1954 when Brown V. Board of Eduction of Topeka, Kansas and the Supreme Court ruled that separate was bad. -
New Industries Emerge ( Sem 2)
The discovery of massive oil reserves in Texas makes the U.S. the world's leading oil producer. Steel is a necessity, and creating it got easier with the Bessemer Process, allowing for the inexpensive creation of large amounts of steel. As the nation expands railroads become an absolute necessity spreading throughout the country, connecting agricultural towns to a manufacturing hub and port cities. This means enormous profits for the men and companies. Oil helped create power for lights. -
Political Machines
Offered both aids to immigrants and preyed on them, would help immigrants find cheap housing, provide aid for widows and orphans, and help often discriminated against immigrants find jobs. In exchange, they expected to be able to direct the vote of those they helped. The bosses were corrupt and used violence and intimidation. They stole millions of dollars from the government at the expense of taxpayers. If you did not follow what they said you could lose everything you had or you couldn't work. -
Muckrakers
Journalists who shone a light on the issues that society had ignored. They were crusaders for certain issues and fought for reform. Jacob Rills photographed people living in tenement house apartments, Lewis Hine, shone a light on the atrocities of child labor. Upton Sinclair- which was to support socialism but shone a light on abuses and conditions in the meat packing plants. Lincoln Steffans, exposes the corruption of political machines. Idine Mtarbell, food inspection act, food and drug act. -
Theodore Roosevelt
Due to his fame and popularity, the Republican Party made Roosevelt the Vice Presidential running map for McKinley. The Republican establishment didn't really like Roosevelt because they thought he was a wild card they would have trouble controlling. However, without his popularity on the ticket, Mckinley would not have been reelected. Mckinley was then assassinated elevating Roosevelt to the presidency. He did many trust busts using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, national parks and the big stick. -
America enters the War
Germany blockades the allied powers and declares unrestricted warfare. Sinks the Lusitania and 4 other American ships, The Sussex Pledge made was put in place but then was broken. The U.S. intercepts a telegram known as the Zimmerman note in which Germany promises to give Mexcio back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona in exchange for an alliance in which Mexcio would attack the U.S. we then put military people around the borders in case of an attack, with both event happening we enter the war. -
Women's Suffrage
They used rallies, marches and lobbyists, magazine articles, and debates to further their cause. opposition emerged with organizations of their own. Generally peaceful, some women were seen as more radical using civil disobedience, and hunger strikes, and some like Alice Paul, were even jailed. The movement first picked up in the west, and organizations like the National American Women's Suffrage Association picked up. The 19th Amendment is ratified in 1919, first presidential vote was in 1920 -
Treaty of Versailles
European powers did not like the 14 points they thought it went too easy on Germany, they wanted something that would punish Germany for what they did to their land and for creating this war. What they created was the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany to an army of 100,000 men, only could have six war ships, allowed no German planes or submarines, had to give back all the land they gained during the war, not unity, no troops I n Rhineland and had to pay back 3.3 billion for war debt. -
Harlem Renaissance
Many blacks in the south moved up north during the Great war, establishing a new black community that was flourishing with black artistic expression, like journalists, poets, musicians, and artists who created a sense of pride in being black and wrote about the experiences of being black. The 20s are defined in part by their music, Both being blues and jazz, which begin as musical styles in the black community but quickly became popular among the American community. Created places to enjoy music -
The Red Scare
After the Great War, American was taken over with a sense of patriotism. If you didn't show patriotism or stood against the government you were an outcast, but with the Knowlege of the Russian revolution, the people were scared that the people would try and influence them into becoming communists, with this also came anti-immigrant feelings. With these feeling the government came up with the Immigration Act which limited how many people could come to the U.S., this also started klans and raids -
New Technology
With new music and women came newer technology, including radios, Hollywood, movies, and the automobile. With the newly emerged radio people could use it as a communication tool but to also listen to programs, news, sports, music, and sermons. America starts going to the movies, and Hollywood becomes the capital of the film industry for its great location, the create silent films, but the first movie with sound was the Jazz singer. The automobile made it easier for people to get to places easier -
Herbert Hoover
Elected in 1982, was president during the great depression, while the people didn't like him because they thought he did not do anything to help them during the depression, but he told them that he could not give out money because it was not the president jobs, but instead, to reach out to charities and churches for help, the people then created Hoovervilles which were homeless places for people and families and they used newspapers for blankets. He did attempt to help restore humanity. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. He created " The New Deal" and " The Second New Deal" to help American people get out of the depression and created new jobs for them but to also make sure that the banks were safe and healthy. Did overtake power and made the exctuve branch have to much power. -
The New Deal
President FDR's first round of programs was to lift the nation out of the depression. The first new deal included bills, to restore the banking system The emergency bank relief bill and the banking act of 1933, providing relief for the rural poor the Agricultural Adjustment act and establishing government control over industry, the National Industrial TRecovery Act, FDR did overstep the power of being president when he forced banks to close, people on the right did not like him for doing this. -
Changes during World War 2
The productive capacity of the United States during World War 2 surpassed all expectations, Americans at home were asked to conserve as much food as possible and accepted ration stamps that limited the purchase of certain products. More rights for the black community, FDR signed Executive Order 8802 which eliminated discriminatory hiring practices in the government and forced companies to hire blacks- The Tuskegee Airmen were blacks fighter pilots who destroyed 400 enemy aircraft during the war. -
Pearl Harbor
The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochina. Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them with an easy win and a territory with abundant land and resources to rule once they were victorious. The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan's economy. Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet ( U.S pacific fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, and Saratoga were not in port.) Japan began its quest for a pacific empire. entered war -
Women on the homefront
Women joined the workforce before the war only about 3 million worked in the U.S., most were housewives and raised children. Women were badly needed in industry and therefore were able to get better jobs, better pay, and better working conditions. Fashion also changed for women they began to wear overalls, scarves in their hair, pants, and trousers, not skirts. Hilter made fun of the women and Americans saying "Americans can't build planes, only electric inceboxes and razor blades" He was wrong. -
The Japanese
After the attack of Pearl Harbor, many people feared the Japanese, this forced mandatory blackouts and the media to say horrid things about the Japanese Americans. These families were forced to sell everything even their house and leave either by bus or train due to EO 9066, which forced them to Japanese internment camps were tiny apartments where nothing worked except for water. Built an army of children who wanted to show loyalty. was sent home with nothing but 50 dollars and a ticket. -
C.O.R.E
Congress of Racial Equality established in 1943 is another civil rights organization that focuses on peaceful racial equality They have 53 chapters throughout the U.S. Duringw the movement CORE organizes a number of different protests, court cases, marches, and more to shed light on inequality and discrimination. They went after the smaller cities after the NCAAP had gotten to the capital or the city with the biggest population. Work with many other organizations like the SNCC to protest. -
Detroit Race Riot and Farm laborers
Rumors circulated among the black population that a white woman was attacked and assaulted by 4 black men but then a black woman and her baby at the same bridge were attacked by 4 white men and were thrown over to drown. This led to the break out of riots, including breaking and burning down things. The government ordered 6,000 federal officers to break up the riot. The U.S. needed farm laborers during the war. The government allowed Mexicans to travel over the boarder and work for farmers. -
" Operation Overload" D-Day
The largest seaborne invasion in history and was the turning point in World War 2. Allied forces had 156,000 troops on or supported by nearly 5,000 ships crossed the English channel landing the troops on five beaches in Normandy. 12,000 planes including bombers, fighters, and troop planes arrived that night behind enemy lines. Used Higgin Boats to get on the shallow parts of the beach where the tide was to attack. The beaches were stormed the next morning. 7 days allies control 80 miles of beach -
G.I. Bill of Rights
Our government's way of saying thank you to soldiers. P aid education to college or trade school. Gave low-interest home loans. Provided low-interest business loans. Also, offer one year of unemployment compensation to the veterans. This helped to return veterans home and start a normal life again. Still intact today with veterans who want to go to school. This also plays into suburbs being made so that families could move out of their apartments in the cities. Helps control families with kids. -
The Baby Boom
Started between 1946 and 1963. The United States population increases by over 30 million. There was one birth every ten seconds. This made consumer goods production go up by needing more items for babies. More schools need to be built, and more hospitals to be built to house more babies in the nursery. This meant that more doctors, nurses, and teachers were needed, so more people got an education and jobs went up while unemployment went down. The baby boom help the economy again after the war. -
Operation Vittles
The USSR imposed a complete blockade on every form except for air. Leading to trying and starve west Berlin for the allied German zone. This left president Truman no choice but to go to the air. We held on to West Berlin by airlift, which was used to transport consumer goods, food, and much more. Since there was only one airport in West Berlin and it was very small, the planes how to drop off the boxes of goods out of the plane with a parachute to give to the people. plane is shot down = war. -
The North American Treaty Organization
In April, ten Western European countries and the United States and Canada, sign the Washington Treaty, which creates NATO an alliance that brings together free and sovereign countries in order to create a collective security system. The principal purpose of the alliance is specified in article 5. The main purpose was to protect and defend countries and each other from communist ways, and the Soviet Union from taking control of that nation or country. They would respond with military force. -
Joseph McCarthy
Had a list of known communists in his hand in the state department, but the list was not public. The near thought of you being a communist or suspicion could get you fired from your job or some were blacklisted making it very hard to find a new job. perception trumps reality in which people would accuse anyone of being a communist. This led to people not trusting people and the thought of communist spies in the United States. Lists changed all the time, he created McCarthyism. Put fear in many. -
Conformity
It was comforting for a generation that had been the depression and now a world war. It provided order for their lives and having social rules to follow made their life seem a little more confident. However, the baby boom generation rejected the idea of conformity and wanted to express themselves in different forms like the new emergence of rock music. Some called the Beatniks experimented with music, poetry, clothing, sex, and drugs to rebel against their parents and the idea of conformity. -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Former U.S General who led the Allied forces in D-Day during WWII who was the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1952 with the slogan He won over Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic candidate. who authorized the interstate highway system. He left business alone to prosper, which it did. His foreign affairs mostly concerned the Cold War and adopted the Doctrine. He won reelection in 1956, cabinet was filled with people who were successful, and he left important decisions to others -
Korean War
Divided Korea into two sides north and south. The north was overtaken by the Soviet Union and forced into a communist, led by Kim il sung. The south being the American side let them have freedom and was led by president Sgumn Rice. Truman order American military forces and elected Douglas Mcaruthor as general who ordered a surprise attack. Then on November, 25th China sent troops after that Mcaruthor was fired. Leaving the American and South Korean army needing help, no peace treaty is signed. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Plessy determined that schools could be separately segregated if they were equal out of date and low-level books and materials Smaller and fewer services less qualified teachers. Linda Brown to represent them Linda Brown had to walk past a public school to get to the black school was a lower quality Thurgood Marshall represents Linda Brown in her case to the Supreme Court in 1954 They would win the case overturning Plessy Marshall would go on to become a Supreme Court Justice first color person. -
Rosa Parks
In Montgomery Alabama, Rosa Parks challenges Jim Crow laws by refusing to give up her seat She is arrested and black leaders organize a boycott 40,000 blacks in Montgomery participated in the boycott which lasts 382 days The bus companies eventually joined in fighting the law in order to end the boycott and regain black customers which make up 75% of their business this was called the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This was planned and she knew from that morning what was going to happen that day. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
King a pastor gets his start as a civil rights leader in the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955. In 1957 he helps found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with other black Christian leaders. King and the SCLC employ the civil disobedience tactics of Gandhi coverage while protesting in Birmingham Alabama Martin Luther King Jr. is arrested, he writes his famous open letter “ Lettre from a Birmingham Jail”- the letter argues that individuals have a moral duty to disobey unjust laws -
The Eisenhower Interstate Highway Act
Largest public works project in history. Update and modernize America's roadways. Connects the country. Played on the Cold War fears- evacuation was made easier and acted as emergency runways in case of a bombing. With the creation of the inner state, cars become more of a necessity. Symbols of freedom and status. It makes it easier for families to live further from work and travel more. Closely tied to the growth of suburbs and interstates. Created by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Took 13 years. -
Little Rock Nine
By law, blacks could go to white public schools but they were too fearful of the treatment they would receive 9 students in Little Rock were the first to attempt integration and enrolled in high school, Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to deny their entrance Whites picketed and protested, threatened lynchings, and threatened not to let their kids to school Eisenhower ordered the school open and ordered the troops of the first secret service to watch the 9 students. -
John F. Kennedy
One of the runners in the election of 1960, his opponent was Nixon, a politician with a proven track record, while Kennedy was a young man born into a wealthy family. This was the first televised debate and while people watched Kennedy acted and looked like the better candidate. The nickname Kennedy cabinet was called Camelot they were thought to be America's best and brightest. Gave money to NASA and the space program and pushed for greater Civil rights but was not strong enough for some ideas -
Ruby Bridges
In 1960, Ruby Bridges is the first black student to attend an all-white elementary school in the South She was escorted to and from school by armed federal marshalls while community members, parents, and students shouted insults, protested, and threw food. From New Orleans, one of the very first steps into the civil rights movement. She was very brave to do this and still is alive today and shares her story about her being the first to enter an all-white school and what she had gone through. -
Lunch- Counter Sit-ins
In Greensboro North Carolina, four black collage students sit down at a segregated lunch counter in a Woolworth's department store and asked to be served When they are denied, they refuse to leave and begin a sit-in at the restaurant The event inspires similar sit-in protests at lunch counters throughout the south Six months after the four N.C. students were denied service, they are served lunch at the same Woolworths lunch counter. This spread throughout the South and more events occurred. -
Cuban Missile
Declassified 1962 map showing the distances nuclear-armed missiles would go if fired from Cuba. Almost all major United States population centers were within range. maps like this convinced JFK that the Soviet missiles must be removed from Cuba. Low-altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot takes pictures at very fast speeds. October 27, 1962 the Soviet ship Gronzy crosses to give IMBC missiles to Cuba. Later American navy blocks Cuba and both stay there till finally, Soviet goes away -
Freedom Rides
Summer of 1962, over 1,000 student volunteers both black and white, organized by CORE and SNCC begin taking rides through the South to test new laws outlawing segregation in bus and railway stations groups of riders are viscously attacked and buses are bombed by mobs of angry white racists. Eugene “ Bull” Connor, the commissioner of Public Safety knows the mobs are waiting and intentionally arrives with the police 15 minutes late, giving the mobs more than enough time to do serious damage -
March on Washington
The SCLC plan a march and rally in Washington D.C. with support from the NAAC, C.O.R.E., and SNCC, over 250,000 people are in attendance but grown to 400,00, and people are bused in from all over the country. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his most famous speech, " I Have a Dream".The peaceful demonstration at the Lincoln Memorial called for civil rights legislation and an end to racial discrimination. Which lead to civil rights act being signed and put into effect for them. -
Children's Crusade
Hundreds of school kids stage a school walk-out to participate in a march in downtown Birmingham Many are arrested, only to be set free and repeat the process again the next day “ Bull” Connor stops the marches by ordering the crowds sprayed with fire hoses and releasing dogs on them The march was televised and caused JFK to publicly support civil rights and new civil rights legislation. Hoping that it will shock people when even kids are attacked for their race. Leads to wanting change faster. -
Lyndon B. Johnson
signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty on his agenda. In an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created the Department of Housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid. This was all created through his legislated plan called the New Society. -
The Great Society
A domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs. Which included civil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protections, and aid to the arts and humanities. Made from his mentor Theodore Roosevelt who created the New Deal, was a renaissance of the New Deal. Focus on areas like education, poverty, immigration, urban housing, and health care. -
Vietnam War
Split Vietnam into north and south, South was controlled by France but they had won independence, the north was a communist community supported by China and the USSR. The Gulf of Tonkin incident- NK fires a torpedo at a U.S. ship and a fight breaks out through the gulf. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution- gave the president official war powers which led to Operation Rolling Thunder, directed for Air Force to drop bombs on North Vietnam, and The My-lai Massacre- a village wipeout by U.S. soldiers. -
Richard Nixon
He was most famously known for the Watergate scandal where he did not know that the robbery was going to happen and when he did find out he tried to cover it up which led to many people being fried and suspicious of him during his candidate time. But Nixon is more than that he really did help the country out by signing many acts and proposing many laws. The EPA or the environmental protection agency, signed the Tribal 9 amendment, normalized ties with China, help education and health care. -
Gerald Ford
Takes office on August 9 1974 after Nixon resigns. He is very popular and very willing to talk to people and compromise with them. Deep down a very conserved and republican. Spent 25% of his time dealing with Nixon's problems, and paradons Nixon and he gets a lot of backlash for doing so. Soon stagflation kicks in gear which means that the prices of gas and food have skyrocketed, and the unemployment levels are also horribly high. He says that they must whip stagflation together. Many disagree. -
The Marshal Plan
1947, $5.3 billion to Europe to help rebuild post-war; mainly raw materials, food, and fuel; with the underlying purpose of preventing communism; Soviets attempt to imitate their own Molotov Plan- failure. Secretary of State, George C. Marshall's plan was to provide economic assistance to all European nations that would join in drafting a program for recovery. Sixteen Western nations participated. Used to help rebuild countries after the damage of world war 2 and all the bombing that happened. -
Jimmy Carter
Carter said he was going to fix the economy and more but due to serve weather a gas shortage starts to happen which leads to the energy crisis of 1977.President of the U.S. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979. Domestically, he tried to rally the American spirit in the face of economic decline but was unable to stop the rapid increase in inflation. -
Energy Crisis
The energy crisis made Americans realize that natural resources were scarce and not limitless which brought attention to environmentalism. The crisis was due to an embargo by OPEC and the Iranian Revolution. The increasing oil usage and dependency on foreign oil during the early 70s. This led to Iran's people overthrowing their government the U.S. had a good relationship but with a new uproar the people were upset and did not like Carter, which led to 52 people being held, hostage. led to no gas -
Reaganomics
The federal economic policies of the Reagan administration were elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. They believed it was going to work but sadly it was not working like planned and the people were not very happy with it. Reagan's financial advisor published an article talking about how everything was wrong in the plan. -
Ronald Reagan
believed in tax cuts and less government spending; cut out many welfare and public works programs; used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict; His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War; responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. the economic program which cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventually increase tax revenue as cash flow in the economy, created Star Wars and Evil Empire.