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Iroquois Confederacy
The iroquois confredracy united in the 16th century. They originally had 5 nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca which represented 50 sachems in the Grand Council. -
Salutary Neglect
Salutary neglect was a long standing English policy of not enforcing parliamentary laws that were created in order to keep the colonies obedient to England. These started in old England. -
Headright System
The Headright System was a grant of land to settlers in the colony by the Virginia Company and Plymouth Company. These were given to anyone would pay the costs of an indentured servant to come to the New World and land grants consisted of 50 acres. -
House of Burgesses
The London Company granted Virgina the right to establish a local government in 1619. It was model after the English Parliament and gave the colonies a taste of independence. -
Mayflower Contract
The Mayflower Compact was written for the Plymouth colony by the Pilgrim colonists. These colonists made their journey to the New World aboard the Mayflower and were a part of a separatist group and wanted religious freedom. -
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Great Puritan Migration
The Great Puritan Migration was the migration of English people from England to the New World between the years of 1630 and 1640. The migration was because King James opposed the growing Puritan population of England. -
Harvard College
Harvard college was established in 1636 by vote of Massachusetts Bay Colony. It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the US and it was created in order to train Puritan ministers. -
New England Confederation
The New England Confederation was a political and militaristic alliance of the New English colonies and was established in 1643. This was in order to establish an alliance of colonies against the Native Americans and serve as a place to settle colonial disputes. -
Trade and Navigation Acts
trade and navigation acts were a series of laws which limited foreign trade in the colonies. They also limited the use of foreign ships starting in 1651 -
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King Phillip's War
Kng philip's war was a war between the Native Americans. Itoupied the southern parts of North England and the colonies and their Native American allies between 1675 and 1676. -
Bacon's Rebellion
It was a revolt in 1674 which occurred in the colony of Virginia. This was the first revolt in the American colonies and consisted of frontiersmen and protested against Native American raids; the farmers did not win. -
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Salem Witch Trials
A series of trails that prosecuted people of witchcraft in Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. It has come to represent religious extremism and the governments invasion of personal rights. -
Peter Zenger Trial
H criticized the governor and was accused if "seditious libel." He he criticized the governor and was accused if "seditious libel" but he claimed what he printed was the truth and help establish the ideas of freedom of the press freedom of the press. -
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French and Indian War
The french and indian war was colonial war fought in North America in 1754 - 1763 between France and England. It resulted in the English conquest of Canada and confirmed England's place in controlling colonial North America. -
Albany Plan
Albany Plan was proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754. It was one of the first attempts at achieving independence, during the French and Indian War. -
Pontiac's Rebellion
Pontiac's War, Pontiac's Conspiracy, or Pontiac's Rebellion was a war that was launched in 1763. It was by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after . -
Proclamation of 1763
he Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. This forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. -
Paxton Boys
The Paxton Boys were frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania. They formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. -
Sugar Act 1764
The Sugar Act, also known as the American Revenue Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the British Parliament in April, 1764. Taxes from the earlier Molasses Act of 1733 had never been effectively collected, largely due to colonial evasion as the molasses trade grew. -
Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was passed on March 22, 1765, leading to an uproar in the colonies. It was over taxation without representation. -
Quatering Act
Quartering Act is a name given to a minimum of two Acts of British Parliament in the local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was the killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770. It was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts. -
Gaspee Affair
The Gaspee Affair. The Gaspee Affair Definition and Summary: The Gaspee Affair occurred on June 9, 1772. The HMS Gaspee, a British customs ship, ran aground in Rhode Island and a Sons of Liberty group attacked and set fire to the ship. -
Tea Act
The Boston Massacre was the killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770. It was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty. It took place in Boston, on December 16, 1773. -
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
The Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of laws relating to Britain's colonies in North America, and passed by the British Parliament in 1774. Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773. -
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First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies. They met on September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. -
Second Continental Congress
Image result for second continental congresswww.ducksters.com
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies. They started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that, soon after warfare, declared the American Revolutionary War had begun. -
Olivie Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition, drafted on July 5, 1775, was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress. It was the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain. -
Declaration of Independence
Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. it established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britian. (Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document) It has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority. -
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Battle of Saratoga
The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign. It gave a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. -
Articles of Confederation
After considerable debate and alteration, the Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. This document served as the United States' first constitution, and was in force from March 1, 1781, until 1789 when the present day Constitution went into effect. -
Treaty Alliance of 1778
On March 17, 1778, four days after a French ambassador informed the British government that France had officially recognized the United States as an independent nation with the signing of The Treaty of Alliance and The Treaty of Amity and Commerce, Great Britain declared war on France. -
Treaty of Paris of 1783
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
The Land Ordinance of 1785, coming on the heels of the Ordinance of 1784, was the effort of a five-person committee led by Thomas Jefferson. The ordinance established a systematic and ubiquitous process for surveying, planning and selling townships in the western frontier. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts (mostly in and around Springfield) during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up against perceived economic injustices and suspension of civil rights by Massachusetts, and in a later attempt to capture the United States' national weapons arsenal at the U.S. Armory at Springfield. -
Annapolis Convention
The Annapolis Convention, formally titled as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government was a national political convention held September 11–14, 1786 at Mann's Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, in which twelve delegates from five states–New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia–gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected. At the time, under the Articles of Confederation, each s -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom Ordinance or The Ordinance of 1787) was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (the Confederation Congress), passed July 13, 1787 -
Connecticut Compromise
Abstract Washington’s Farewell Address to the Nation appears in its entirety in this issue of the Independent Chronicle. Although it is by all accounts the most famous and best-known of Washington’s speeches, it was never actually delivered orally by George Washington. By his own arrangement it first appeared in a newspaper at Philadelphia. It was published seven days later in The Independent Chronicle. -
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Second Great Awakening
act US decrees that granted permission to created land-grant colleges. -
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion, also known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. -
Fugitive Slave Law
Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. -
Jay Treaty
Jay's Treaty, officially titled “Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation, between His Britannic Majesty.The United States of America,” was negotiated by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay and signed between the United States and Great Britain on November 19, 1794. -
Washington's Farewell Address
Abstract Washington’s Farewell Address to the Nation appears in its entirety in this issue of the Independent Chronicle. Although it is by all accounts the most famous and best-known of Washington’s speeches, it was never actually delivered orally by George Washington. By his own arrangement it first appeared in a newspaper at Philadelphia. It was published seven days later in The Independent Chronicle. -
XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. -
Virginia-Kentucky Resolutions
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799. The Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. -
Revolution of 1800
In what is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System. -
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Gilded Age
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. -
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France. The U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. -
Embargo Act 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 imposed a general embargo that made any and all exports from the United States illegal. It was sponsored by President Thomas Jefferson and enacted by Congress. The goal was to force Britain and France to respect American rights during the Napoleonic Wars. -
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Erie Canal
The Erie Canal opens, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River. Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York, the driving force behind the project, led the opening ceremonies and rode the canal boat Seneca Chief from Buffalo to New York City. -
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Hartford Convention
The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major f -
Treaty of Ghent
The American victory on Lake Champlain led to the conclusion of U.S.-British peace negotiations in Belgium, and on December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the war. Although the treaty said nothing about two of the key issues that started the war–the rights of neutral U.S. vessels and the impressment of U.S. sailors–it did open up the Great Lakes region to American expansion and was hailed as a diplomatic victory in the United States. -
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Era of Good Feelings
The period after the end of the War of 1812 in which partisan animosity nearly vanished. From about 1815 to 1825. -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain was negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Spanish Minister to the United States, Don Luis de Onís, and signed in February 1819. The principal elements in the treaty were the acquisition of Florida by the United States and the establishment of a boundary line between Spanish territory and the United States. By the terms of this boundary, the United States agreed that Texas was on the Spanish side of the line, and Spain -
Missouri Compromise
This was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. The South won Missouri as a slave state, and the North won Maine and prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' . It showed that compromise again prevented break up. -
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Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern region of the United States. The movement was a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest. -
Tarriff of Abominations
Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 It favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. -
Worchester v. Georgia
A US supreme court case in which Cherokees were granted federal protection from state governments that tried to violate the tribe's freedom. -
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Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. -
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Mexican American War
President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land. -
Wilmot Proviso
Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. -
Seneca Falls Convention
Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. -
Compromise of 1850
Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War -
Maine Laws
Passed in 1851; 1st big step in the Temperance Movement - outlawed sale & manufacturing of alcohol except for medical purposes -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
It was written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853. It highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. -
Gadsen Purchase
The Gadsen Purchase was the purchasing of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States. It provided the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad. -
Ostend Menifesto
It was a document drawn up in 1854. It instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force It caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery as states in Cuba would be southern states.
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Kansas Nebraska Act
Stephen Douglas proposed this in order to get a transcontinental railroad in the north. It included: The remaining portion of the Louisiana Territory was divided into 2 territories (where slavery was to be decided by popular sovereignty). It invalidated the Missouri Compromise line of 36'30 (made abolitionists upset). -
Lecompton Constitution
Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election. The constitution allowed Kansas to be admitted into the union as a slave state. -
Lincoln Douglass Debates
Lincoln was a member of the republican party. faced off against democrat Douglass rounning for the state of Illinois. Lincoln opposed slavery and stephen douglass stood for popular sovereignty. -
Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sanford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. -
Crittenden Compromise
It was an unseccessful from Kentucky senator john j. crittenden to end the sectional tensions in the US. that would amend the constitution and ending the fugitive slave law. -
Freedmen's Bureau
It was a U.S. government-sponsored agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.that provided food, established schools, and tried to redistribute land to former slaves as part of Radical Reconstruction; it was most effective in education, where it created over 4,000 schools in the South. -
Homestead Act
Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. -
Morrill Land Grant Act
US decrees that granted permission to created land-grant colleges. Took place in 1862. -
Battle of Antietnam
It was the bloddiest day in American destiny. a battle fought in sept. of 1862 and was significant because it was the first major battle of the civil war that took place in the north. -
Emancipation Proclamation
It was issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862. It declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free -
National Labor Union
-composed of delegates from labor and reform groups
-interested in political and social change rather than negotiations with employers
-8 hour work day
-workers cooperatives
-paper money
-equal rights for women and africian americans
-lost momentium after death of its president
-collapsed in 1872 -
Tenure of Office Act
It was a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next -
Seward's Folly
Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for about $7 million -- about 2 cents per acre . At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. They later realized Alaska was really useful for resources like fish, furs, and lumber. -
Knights of Labor
-started in 1869
-grew rapidly after the depression as other unions collapased
-they emphesised reform measures and preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to pressure employers.
-was opened to all workers except for high paid professionals ex. dr. lawyers and bankers, and people who sold liquor.
-reached its peak in 1886 with 700,000 members
-went into rapid decline after a failed railroad strike
-several other problems accounted for their decline, such as emphasis onpolitics within its membersh -
Force Act
The Enforcement Act of 1870, also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1870 or First Ku Klux Klan Act, or Force Act was a United States federal law written to empower the President with the legal authority to enforce the first section of the Fifteenth Amendment throughout the United States. -
Boss Tweed
Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for about $7 million -- about 2 cents per acre . At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. They later realized Alaska was really useful for resources like fish, furs, and lumber. -
Battle of Little Bighorn
ndians moved from their other hunting grounds because of white men moving in finally ended up in dakota wyoming and montana, the Black Hills were very important to them as well. White people start moving straight thrugh the hunting grounds of the indians on their way to the west coast and the gold mines, this disturbed the indians hunting grounds again and their way of life. Red cloud makes a treaty with the U.S. securing land for the indians that the military and the white men will not come int -
Jim Crowe Laws
They were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
-These Laws followed -
Farmer's Alliance
It -started in 1869
-grew rapidly after the depression as other unions collapased
-they emphesised reform measures and preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to pressure employers.
-was opened to all workers except for high paid professionals ex. dr. lawyers and bankers, and people who sold liquor.
-reached its peak in 1886 with 700,000 members
-went into rapid decline after a failed railroad strike
-several other problems accounted for their decline, such as emphasis onpolitics within its membe -
Munn v Illinois
The case stated that business interests (private property) used for public good could be regulated by government. The Supreme Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendment (because Munn asserted his due process right to property was being violated) did not prevent the State of Illinois from regulating charges for use of a business' grain elevators. Instead, the decision focused on the question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest. The court's decision was t -
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New Immigrants
Between 1880 and 1920, over 20 million people entered the United States. These newcomers comprised an estimated fifteen percent of the total population. The arrival of these newcomers evoked a complex response from the "natives" already living there. Many Americans reacted with anxiety and hostility to the staggering numbers of new arrivals. Many newcomers stayed in the port cities where they had debarked. Still others, however, went on to other cities and regions, including southern New England -
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Pased in 1882; banned Chinese laborers to immigrate to US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.d(only let chinese students and merchants immigrate.) -
Pendleton (Civil Service) Act
After widespread demand for reform because of incompetence, , corruption, and theft in federal departments and agencies. And because of the assination on Garfield by a dissapointed office seeker. It was made permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system). -
Haymarket Incident
It was caused by a Clash between strikers and policemen on anthracite coal fields May 3, 1886 at Chicago's International Harvester Plant in which one striker was killed. aused by a Clash between strikers and policemen on anthracite coal fields May 3, 1886 at Chicago's International Harvester Plant in which one striker was killed -
Dawes Act
It authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. The objective of the Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into American society. -
Inerstate Commerce Act
It was a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. It was the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States. -
Gospel of Wealth
It was -started in 1869
-grew rapidly after the depression as other unions collapased
-they emphesised reform measures and preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to pressure employers.
-was opened to all workers except for high paid professionals ex. dr. lawyers and bankers, and people who sold liquor.
-reached its peak in 1886 with 700,000 members
-went into rapid decline after a failed railroad strike
-several other problems accounted for their decline, such as emphasis onpolitics within its m -
American Federation of Labor
Leaders of crafts unions joined together to form a Labor union comprised of skilled workers. (They did not want to join labor unions of unskilled workers for fear loss of their craft's identity and skilled workers bargaining power. Their focus was on concrete economic gains, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.
-they avoided involvement with utopian ideas or politics. -
Booker T. Washington
He argued that blacks should not antagonize whites by demanding social or political eqauality, instead they should concentrate on establishing and economic base for their advancement. By 1890 the nation's formost black educator -
Sherman Anti-trust Act
An 1890 Law signed in by president Harrison during a time when Republicians had control of both houses and the presidentcy. Successive administrations rarely enforced this law mostly because of the vaugeness of " restraint of trade" part and what constituted it. -
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Progressive Movement
This was a period of widespread political reform that lasted from the 1890s through the first two decades of the 20th century. The movement actually comprised a number of efforts on the local, state, and national levels, and included both Democrats and Republicans who championed such causes as tax reform, woman suffrage, political reform, industrial regulation, the minimum wage, the eight-hour work day, and workers' compensation. The reform-minded enthusiasm of this era came to an end as the Uni -
National Origins Act
Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely -
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
It increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. It was for the purpose of increasing inflation and boosting the economy. (making the money have a higher value. to help people pay off their debts.) -
Populist Party
Founded in 1892 advocated variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators
supported mainly by farmers in the South and West, the People's party was the successor of the Greenback-Labor party of the 1880s. -
Plessy v Ferguson
-1896
- landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States
- upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."
-vote of 8 to 1 with the majority
- "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education -
Settlement House Movement
The goal was to broaden the horizons and improve the lives of the people who lived in the slums thorough kindergartens and clubs for neighboorhood children and nurserys for infants of working mothers. they also provided working men with an alternative to the saloon as a place of recreation it was also a source of social services, it expanded to include health clinics, lestures, music and art studios, employment bureaus, mens clubs, gymnasiums, and savings banks. -
Big Stick Policy
Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen; used by T.R. to improve world peace, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Said that the "big stick" (aka the US army/navy) could be used to keep other countries in line and to make sure that the countries of Latin America behaved themselves -
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Anthracite Coal Strike
1st evidence of TR's reform -over 150,000 miners walked off their jobs demanding higher pay, shorter days and offiicial recognition of their union - result= mine owners agreed to arbitration - was also perceived as having sided with the strikers rather then movement= huge switch from government positions -
Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty
Buena Varilla compromised with Hay and T. Roosevelt to engineer a revolution in Panama against the Colombian government, therefore allowing the US to build a canal there 1900-1918 -
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Russo-Japanese War
"the first great war of the 20th century"; conflict between Japan and Russia over Korea and Manchuria for control of Port Arthur ; Japan's victory is first Asian victory over West. Japan retains Manchuria. -
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. U.S. was granted the right to intervene militarily in neighboring countries in cases of "chronic wrong-doing" such as not paying debts or failure to maintain order. This made the U.S. an "international police power." -
Lochner v. New York
This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and violated the workers "liberty of contract" to accept any terms they chose. -
The Jungle
This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry.and portrayed the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act, and prompted President T. Roosevelt to sign the Meat Inspection Act. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
In response to upton sinclair's novel the Jungle US legislation in 1906 placed restrictions on the makers of prepared foods and patent medicines and forbade the manufaxture, sale, or transportation of adulterated, misbranded, pr harmful foods, drugs, and liquors.
-Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling italso gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as -
NAACP
Founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional. -
Mann-Elkin Act
Mann-Elkin Act 1910, gave the Interstate Comerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companies; included communications -
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party. -
16th Amendment
Enacted on July 2, 1909 and ratified in 1913. Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. -
17th Amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. -
Underwood-Simmons Tariff
1913, Reduced import duties on most goods and lowered the overall average duty from 40% to 25%. . It lowered tariff rates but raised federal revenues.
It was significant because
Wilson wanted to lower tariffs because he thought that it encouraged the growth of monopolies
.Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment
It was a milestone in tax legislation since it enacted a graduated income tax. -
Federal Reserve System
The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy .
created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors. Often called simply the Fed. -
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 -
Federal Trade Commission
Created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices.
Enabled the government to more easily kill monopolies. -
Clayton Anti-trust Act
An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, it outlawed price discrimination,and tying agreements,the provisions were quilifiey by the conservative senet by tacking on the phrase "where the effect may be to substatially lesson competition." interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not con -
Lusitania
British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. The Germans claimed that it was carrying munitions and soldiers and was armed. -
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
Act signed by President Wilson in 1916 that excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by children under fourteen; later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that regulation of interstate commerce could not extend to the conditions of labor. -
Zimmerman Note
It was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April. Also promised Mexico the recovery of land lost to America in exchange for their help in the war. -
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Creel Committee
Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty - important b/c it was pro war - first propaganda movement to this extent - made to sell wilsons war goals to america and the world AKA the Committee on Public Information. US WWI propaganda machine -
Fourteen Points
Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The "association of nations" Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations. -
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages -
Schenck v US
a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule. -
19th Amendment
guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. -
Treaty of Versailles
It forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and to pay reparations. It led to the break-up of Austria-Hungary
germany can't maintain army,
established new nations and league of nations, shrink German colonies, Woodrow Wilson himself went to Paris to negoiate the treaty and did not take any prominent republicians with him in his delegation -
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Volstead Act
specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors -
Harlem Renaissance
a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American. -
"Lost Generation"
Term coined by Gertrude Stein to describe American expatriate writers of the 1920s; include T. S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Stein herself. -
Keynesian Economics
Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. -
Andrew Mellon
He was the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics) -
Sacco and Vanzetti
Sacco and Vanzetti were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime -
Bonus March
1932, 1000 unemployed WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding immediate payment of their bonuses which were to be given to them in 1945 -
20th Amendment
reduce the amount of time between the election of the President and Congress and the beginning of their terms. -
21st Amendment
The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 17, 1920. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933. -
National Industrial Recovery Act
A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA. -
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again. -
Tennessee Valley Authority
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. -
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks. -
Indian Reorganization Act
Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. -
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Cultural Isolation
This is the practice of excluding the United States from the affairs of the world. This was a precedent set by George Washington, who though that this was the best way to keep the nation out of trouble 7: 1934-1941 -
National Labor Relations Act
A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. -
Works Progress Administration
New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings. -
Social Security Act
It guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health -
Court Packing Scheme
Six additional justices would have been appointed. This was proposed in response to the Supreme Court overturning several of his New Deal measures that proponents claim were designed to help the United States recover from the Great Depression. -
America First Committee
A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker. -
Lend-Lease Act
U.S. policy before the U.S. enters W.W. II in December, 1941 in which the U.S. provided war materials to the Allies fighting the Axis powers. Shows that in the period 1939-1941 the U.S. was moving away from its policy of neutrality. -
War Powers Act
President can send US armed forces into action aboard only by authorization of Congress. -
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Stagflation
An economic situation in which inflation and economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a significant period of time. Occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. -
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Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful attempted by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. -
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John F. Kennedy
35th president of the US. President during the Cold War, Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. He passed the Civil Rights Act. Assasinated in 1963. -
Michael Harrington
Author who wrote The Other America. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country. -
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Cuban Missile Crisis
In October 1962, the US and USSR came close to nuclear war when JFK insisted that Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had in Cuba. The USSR eventually did so, nuclear war was averted. -
Gideon v Wainwright
US Supreme Court case that unanimously ruled that state courts are required to provide an attorney in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own. -
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Lyndon B. Johnson
36th president of the US, who wanted to stay out of Vietnam but sent soldiers because his goal was to stop the spread of Communism. -
Warren Commission
established by LBJ to investigate the assassination of JFK. Found that Oswald was a lone assassin but some questions were left unanswered. -
War on Poverty
President LBJ's program in the 1960s to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and facilities serving the general public. -
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
A joint resolution of the US Congress in response to two alleged minor naval skirmishes on the coast of North Vietnam. It allowed the president to take all necessary measures to repel armed attacks or prevent further aggression. -
Economic Opportunity Act
Several social programs to promote the health, education and general welfare of the poor. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a federal law that increased government supervision of local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters. -
Miranda v Arizona
Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. -
Equal Rights Amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender. -
SALT I Treaty
a 5 year agreement between the US and the USSR, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles. -
Roe v Wade
US supreme court case that state that a woman's right to abortion is determined by her current trimester in pregnancy. -
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Gerald Ford Presidency
The 38th president of the US and the first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which Ford evacuated nearly 500,000 US and South Vietnamese from Vietnam. -
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Mayaguez Incident
Peace time military rescue operation conducted by US armed forces against Cambodia. -
Helsinki Accords
Political and human rights agreement signed by the Soviet Union and Western countries. It was an attempt to improve relations between the Communists and the West. -
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Jimmy Carter
39th president of the US, who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. -
Bakke v Board of Regents
US court case in which Bakke was denied to University of California Medical School twice to people less qualified based on race. Case determined that affirmative action is legal as long as filling quotas is not used. -
Camp David Accords
A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel. -
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Ronald Reagan
40th president of the US. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He developed the "trickle down effect" of government incentives. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War.