APUSH

By 1thomasr
  • Period: May 1, 1492 to

    APUSH

  • Aug 3, 1492

    Columbus arrives in Western Hemisphere

  • Sir Walter Raleigh sponsord a settlement on Roanoke Island

  • English Navy defeat the Spanish Armada

  • Raleigh's colony disapeared

    The Roanoke Island colony became 'The Lost Colony"

  • Edict of Nantes

    provided religious tolerence of Huguenots (French Protestants) that otherwise might have fled the country

  • Jamestown settlers arrived

    funded by the Virginia Company

  • French Colonized Today's Quebec City

  • "the starving time"

    winter in Jamestown where 90% of 500 residents perished, Lasted until 1610

  • The headright system

    50 acres (usually) of land was granted to each colonist as potential settlers
    men already in VA=100 acres (2 headrights)
    new settlers in VA= 1 headright

  • House of Burgesses was founded

    any property holding white male can vote

  • Puritans Leave for America on the May Flower

    Travelers were called the "Pilgrims" agreed on a "body politic" legal system

  • Massachusetts Bay Colony was establish

    -established by Congretionalists (Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church within)
    -laster until 1642
    -led by John Winthrop
    -strict Calvinists

  • Charles I dissolved the parliment

    ensured there would be no political solution to puritan problems split the people of England into two groups: the Cavaliers (supporters of the king) and Roundheads (forcers of the parliament)

  • Roger Williams founded Rhode island

    was a minister in the Salem Bay settlement and taught controversial principals (church and state should be seperate etc.) banished to rhode islanf

  • Pequot War

    Massachesetts colonists began expanding into the Conneticut Valley.
    Pequotes attacked Wakefield and killed 9 colonists
    Massachusetts Bay colonists burned a pequot villiage killing 400 (many were women and children)

  • Anne Hutchinson was banished

    a prominent proponent of atinomianism (Gods grace (good deeds etc.) suffice to earn a place among the 'elect'---intelligent, powerful woman, in a patriaechal society.

  • English Destroy the Powhatan Confederacy

    Destroyed by the Englishes "Indian fighters"

  • English Civil War

    1642 a war broke out between the two as the Roundheads challenged the king, the war lasted seven years before 1649 when Roundheads captured Charles I, beheaded him, and had Oliver Cromwell, their leader, take the thrown.

  • the Act of Tolerance

    passed by the Maryland Government to allow religious freedom of most Christians

  • Navigation Acts

    also in 1673
    required colonists to buy outside goods only from England and prohibited the colonies to manufacture any goods that England already produced

  • Cromwell dies

    1649 until then, under Cromwells rule, little puritan immigrarion occured
    when Suarts restored the throne in 1660, emmegration started up again

  • Charles II sends naval forces to capture New Netherland

    Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, surrendered along with 400 civilians
    Charles II brother James became the Duke of NY and named New York a royal colony in 1685 when he bacame king

  • King Philips War

    King Philip= chieftain of Wampanoag's, known to his people as Metacomet-went to while settlements and killed thousands of white men
    -English teamed with the Mohawks, killed Metacomet and won

  • Bacons Rebellion

    Bacon commanded two unauthorized but successful expeditions against the tribes. Berkeley arrested Bacon so Bacon gathered his supporters, marched on Jamestown, he wanted to continue his campaigns against Native Americans. Bacon recaptured the capital but, fearing that he could not hold it against attack, set fire to the town. Bacoon then died of dysentery
    + many free blacks allied with indentured servants and colonists, as pushed westward away from trading centers, seeked more political power

  • Pennsylvania and the Treaty with the Delawares

    William Penn, a good friend of Charles II and a Quaker, was given Pennsylvania
    Quakers got their own colony
    Too get land, Penn made a treaty with the Delawares to take only as much land was could be walked by a man in three days. His son hired 3 marathon runners for the task

  • Domination of New England

    James II (Charles II's brother and successor) came to thrown 1685
    The domination of New England combined the governments of all the colonies and gave one governor to all (Sir Edmond Andros)
    -Sire Edmond Andros was very unpopular (especially in Massachusetts where tried to strengthen the Anglican Church)

  • The Glorious Revolution

    James II stepped down, Andros Escaped Mobs but was arrested when attempting to flee dressed as a woman and William & Mary combined Plymouth & Massachusetts, made it a royal colony with the right of their own governor of choice and restored church but made laws requiring Puritans to tolerate Anglicans
    1688 James II heirs (his 2 daughters Mary and Anne, both Protestants took throne

  • Salem Witch Trials

    in the first 70 years of English settlement, 103 were accused, in 1692 alone, more than 130 'witches' were jailed or executed

  • South and North Carolina split

    North= more Virgina-like colony
    South= settled by descendents of Englishmen who had colonized Barbasos (for sugar export) and its plantations were workd by Slaves

  • The First Great Awakening (Response to Enlightenment)

    It reached its climax in 1740. It had particular appeal to young women and younger sons inheriting less land and had unstable futures. People were encouraged to break from constraints of the past and start new with God "New Lights=revivalists and "Old Lights"= traditionalists George Whitefield was a powerful preacher and Jonathan Edwards was an outstanding preacher of the Great awakening. He preached the Puritan ideas of sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by Gods grace alone

  • Enlightenment

    product of 17th century discoveries, celebrated the power of human reason and scientific inquiry. Spread ideas that progress can be created by reason (not only faith) and humans didn’t always need god for decision making. It heightened political, educational, and governmental interest. ideas were borrowed from others (e.g. Francis Bacon & John Locke) (Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and James Maddison made contributions to Enlightenment later on)

  • Stono Rebellion or Cato Rebellion

    about 100 Slave got weapons killed several whites and tried to escape to Florida hoping the Spanish colonists would grant them freedom. Colonial milita caught up and attacked.
    New York experience a 'witch hunt' where 31 blacks and 4 whites were executed for conspiracy to liberate slaves

  • French and Indian War and the Seven-Year War

    until 1763
    The "seven year war" 1750s-60s was the British and French struggle to gain trade/naval power
    -English victory
    French Indian war between French and the Iroquois, against America brought underlying tensions in the colonial relationship to surface. (soldiers were treated poorley)
    English got control of Canada and almost everything east of the Mississippi Valley

  • The Albany plan

    The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress in July 1754 in Albany, New York. not passed

  • Pontiac's Rebellion

    Because English won the Seven Year War, Ottawa war chief, Pontiac, attacked colonial outposts by the Ohio Valley .
    small pox infected blankets were used to fight the Ottowa

  • Proclamation of 1763

    Issued by British gov. Forbid settlement wast of the rivers running through the Appalachians but it came two late and settlers were already west of the line. Istead it served as an example of the British interfering with colonial matters.

  • Sugar Act

    Seven-Years war put Britain in large debt and believed colonist should help pay the debt (under George III)
    aimed at deterring molases smugglers
    the restriction were harsh and minor violations were difficult
    seen as a rights violation

  • Currency Act

    forbade the colonists to issue paper money
    prpsest remained ineffective

  • Stamp Act

    tax specifically aimed at raising renevue
    covered all legal documents anf licenes
    taxed goods produced within the colonies
    promted the phrase "no taxation without representation"
    colonists wanted the right to determine their own taxes
    repealed in 1766

  • Townshend Acts

    minister of exchequer- Charled Townshend
    taxed good directly from Britain, colonial assembalies could no longer withhold government officials' wages in order to get their way, created an even more vice-admirality courts and several new government offices, suspended the New York legislature , gave British power to do searches in smuggling suspected locations

  • Massechusetts Circular Letter

    writen by Samuel Adams
    sent by the Massechusetts assembaly, asking they protest the new measures in unison
    Britain ordered assemblies not to disscuss the letter (so naturally people talked about it)--Gvernors of colonies whos legislatures discussed the letter dissolved those legislatures--this inferiated colonists

  • Boston Massacre

    Some of the "Liberty boys" snowballed/stoned the sentries at the customs house, Captain Thomas Preston lined men in front of the building to protect it. Soldiers fired and killed five people
    -Symbol of British oppression

  • Drop of British imports

    British imports dropped by 40% due to colonist refusal to buy any

  • The Boston Tea Party

    The British granted the East India Tea Company a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies as well as a portion of new duties to be collected. Boston colonists wouldn't allow ships to unload their cargo
    Sons of Liberty boarded a ship and dumped its cargo in the Boston Harbor (10000 euros worth of tea)

  • Coercive and Quebec Acts

    Coercive (intolerable) Acts: George III and Lord North decided a policy of coercion against Massachusetts
    -parliament closed the port of Boston
    Quebec Act: to provide a civil government for the French speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada and the Illinois country, the law extended boundaries of Quebec- include French communities between Ohio and Mississippi rivers many colonies thought it was a threat

  • First continental congress

    to enumerate American Greivances to develope a strategy for addressing those issues. They came up with a list of law they wanted repealed

  • Battle of Lexington and the Battle of Concord

    British troops were passing through and a minuteman fired, British killed 8 minutemen an injured 18 before proceeding to Concord, Massechusetts were a much larger group of minutemen awaited. The British were forced to retreat

  • Second Continental Congress

    prepared for war by establishing the Continental Army, printing money and creating government offices. Goerge Washington was chosen to lead the army

  • The Olive Branch Petition

    Tried to find a middle ground, came up with one conciliatory appeal to the king but the British government rejected it. On July 6, 1775: they made "Declaration of the causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms" saying British government left America with two choices "unconditional tyranny of irritated ministers or resistance by force"

  • Common Sense

    Pamphlet by a English Printer named Thomas Paine that advocated colonial independence

  • The Declaration of Independence

    Writen by Thomas Jefferson
    spoke of individual liberty and the governments fundemental responsibility to serve the people
    signed on the fourth

  • Articles of Cofederation

    the first national constitution
    lack of central government
    inefficient

  • Saratoga

    Bennington Battle- under Bunker Hill veteran, John Stark, New England men mauled a British troupe John Burgoyne sent out for supplies. Burgoyne, out of materials, withdrew to Saratoga, was surrounded be gates and he ordered (what was left) 5000 men to surrender to Americans

  • Franco American Alliance

    negotiated by Benjamin Franklin
    brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists (French resented the English after the French and Indian War)

  • British Surrendered

    at Yorktown

  • Treaty of Paris

    granted the united states independence and generous territorial rights.
    Not the Treaty of Paris ending the French and Indian War or the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish American War)

  • Shays Rebellion

    An Army of 1500 farmers protested unfair policies (political and economic) They were armed and angry. In 1787 an army was mustered up ti stop the rebellion. Great havoc was caused by the rebellion for the government and the people being imprisoned for not paying their taxes simply because they couldn't! The instability of the government became clear.

  • Northwest Ordinance

    success of the Articles of Confederation
    gaurenteed trial by jury, freedom of religion and freedom from excessive punishement
    It abolished slavery in the northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, up to the Canadian border
    It also set up regulations concerning the conditions underwhich territories could aplly for statehood

  • Annapolis Convention and Constitutional Convention

    Set up by Alexander Hamilton

    only 5 delegates showed up
    decided on a meeting in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation--the Constitutional Convention
    everyone showed except for Rhode Island
    The New Jersey Plan called for modifications and equal representation of states and the Virginia Plan called for an entirely new government based on checks and balences and for the representatives per state to be based on population

  • The Great Compromise (Conneticut Compromise)

    Blend VA and NJ plans
    a lower house (the House of Representatives) elected by the people and an upper house (the Senate) elected by the state legislatures---the Constitution

  • Nearly 750000 Blacks were enslaved in the colonies

    traveled by the Middle passage (middle leg of the triangular trade route [merchants got rum and other goods from New England to Africa, Africa Exchanged merchandise with slaves sent to West Indies (middle passage), slaves were traded for sugar and molasses (which was transported into New England, distilled into rum) repeat.])

  • Bill of Rights

    added to the constitution due to Anti-Federalist complaints

  • Neutrality Proclamation

    Citizen Edmond Genêt, a French government representative, visited America to seek assistance, Washington declated the U.S. intetion to "remain friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers"

  • Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin

  • Whiskey Rebellion

    Tax was put on whiskey and western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay and terrorized tax collectors. President Washington issued a proclamation, calling out the militia. Washington's army of approximately 15000 set out to Pittsburg and the rerebellion quickly collapsed. This was the first use of the Militia Law of 1792. It asserts the stability of the government after the constitution.

  • Jay's Treaty

    Negotiate British evacuation of the Northwest territory and discess British violations of free trade
    Many believe John Jay made too many concessions towards the British
    Jay was burned in effigy

  • The Treaty of San Lorenzo or Pinckney's Treaty

    Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain to negotiate use of the Mississippi River and the removal of Spanish forts remaining on American soil
    Pinckney tried to extract a promise from spain to prevent attacks on Western settlers from Native Americans

  • XYZ Affair

    France relations deteriorated after Jays treaty--French captured American ships. Adams went to negotiate with France in 1797 But Prince Talleyrand, French foreign minister demanded a loan and bribes for any negotiation to begin. Adams published a written report and named the French officials X Y and Z, the public became anti-French. Adams was able to avoid war and negotaited further--High point of Adams Presidency

  • Alien and Sedition Acts

    allowed the government to forcibly expel foreignors and to jail newspaper editors for scandilous writing
    violation of the first amendment
    Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to nullify the acts

  • Second Great Awakening

    western New Yor area= "burned over district"

  • Federalist Party Split

    Nomintation= Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton

  • Revolution of 1800

  • Louisiana Purchase

  • Marbury vs Maddison

  • Embargo Act

  • The TRADE of Slaves ended, slavery did not

  • Non-Intercourse Act

    No trade with only Britain and France (but those were the two most significant trating partners)

  • Macons Bill No. 2

  • The War of 1812

    -represented the end of Native americans ability to stop expantion
    -American economy becam less dependant on trade with britain
    -Adrew Jackson became famouse thus paving the way for his presidency
    -Victory in New Orleans brought Nationalism
    -Federalist were destroyed (they opposed the war)
    -Spured American Manufacturing

  • Power loom

  • Lowell or Waltham System

    system enlisted young women (mostly farmer's daughters) to factories

  • British capture D.C. and set the white house on fire

  • The American System/Nationalist Program

    -Recharter the National Bank
    -Interstate (and the National) road expansion
    -protective tariffs on imports

  • Treaty of Ghent

    Ended the War of 1812

  • National Road

    Maryland to West Virginia

  • McCulloch v. Maryland

    established that the National Bank could not be taxed
    -established precedence of national law over state law

  • Panic of 1819

    destabalized economy

  • Manifest Destiny

  • Missouri Compromise

    Missouri= slave
    Maine= Free

  • Monroe Doctrine

  • Erie Canal

  • doctrine of nullification

    Individual states hold the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional

  • Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

  • Indian Removal Act

  • Railroad age began

  • Nat Turners Rebellion and Black Codes

    killed 60 whites
    200 slaves were executed
    black codes were passed

  • the Liberator and the American Anti-Slavery Society

    William Lloyd Garrison
    published the abolitionist newspaper (1831) and helped found the society (1833)

  • Tariff of 1832 and the Force Bill

  • Whigs formed

  • Trail of Tears

  • Battle at Alamo

  • 1836-44 Gag rule

    prevented congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery

  • Specie Circular and the Panick of 1837

    ended the policy of selling government land on credit (buyers had to pay in "hard cash")
    caused a money shortage and a decrease in the treasury
    triggered the Panick if 1837

  • Brook Farm

    Roxbury MA
    -All residents share equally in the labor of the community so all could share the leisure
    -fire destroyed the central building in 1847- experiment dissolved
    -wrote about it in novels
    -The Blithedale Romance (1852)-portrayed the disastrous consequences of the experiment

  • Texas Admitted to the Union

  • Great Immigration Waves

    Irish in the North
    German in the west
    from 1840 to 1850

  • Oregon Treaty

  • Wilmont Proviso

    no slavery in land aquired from Mexico
    not passed

  • Treaty of Guidalupe Hidalgo

  • Mexican Cession

    New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah for $15 million

  • Gold Rush in California

  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott hold the first women's rights convention

    Seneca Falls
    published the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women

  • Compromise of 1850

    by Stephen A. Douglas and Henry Clay
    Taylor had California become a slave free state but South states became angry and thought is was disrupting the balance of free and slave states
    combined separate proposals and combined them and presented this to the Senate on Jan 29, 1850 overall California became a free state and the fugitive slave law grew stronger, poular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico
    it abolished slave trade, not slavery

  • Uncle Tomes Cabin

    Harriet Beecher Stowe
    1 million + copies

  • Republican Party formed

    Not abolitionists but want slavery out of northern territory

  • Kansas-Nebraska Act

  • Know Nothing Party formed

    hated foreigners (nativism)

  • Dred Scott v. Sandford (the court spelled Sanford wrond)

    Missouri Slave Dred Scott was taken to Illinois and Wisconsin and his master died. Scott sued the surgeon's widow claiming he was free. The circuit court in which Scott filed the suit declared him fee but John Sanford (brother of widow) claimed ownership of Scott.Congress in the end decided Sanford won because Scott was property not a citizen and fifth amendment of the constitution stated congress couldn't take property without "due process of law."

  • Freeport Doctrine

    Stephen Douglas wanted to suport popular soveriegnty during a debate but failed
    it ruined his political career

  • Harpers Ferry

    John Brown, an antislavery zealot, wanted to seize a mountain fortress in VA to formant a slave insurrection in the south, he and 18 followers attacked, seized a US arsenal in Harpers Ferry, and was besieged by citizens, local militia companies, and state troops. After troops killed ten of his men, Brown surrendered. He and 6 of his followers were hanged.

  • First Ku Klux Klan

    ended in 1869

  • Crittendon Compromise

    North and South compromise but Lincoln refused to soften the Republican demand that slavery not be extended to the territories

  • South Carolina Suceded

    six states followed

  • Fort Sumter

    No one died
    Confederacy Attackes the fort
    Starts the Civil War

  • Confiscation Acts

    Introduced by Radical Republicans
    1st. 1861- gave government the right to seize any slaves used for insurrectionary purposes
    2nd. 1862- allowed gorvernment to liberate any slave owned by someone supporting the rebellion
    un enforced by Lincoln

  • Homestead Act and the Morrill Land Grant Act

    Homestead Act: Federal government offered 160 acres to anyone who lived on that land for 5 years.
    Morrill Land Grant Act: Grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”

  • Emancipation Proclamation

    stated the government would liberate all slaves residing in those states still "in rebellion"

  • Sherman's March (March to the Sea)

    -Sherman cut a six-mile-wide swath of desolation across Georgia
    -burned towns and plantations

  • Ten Percent Plan

    10% of voters who had voted in the 1860 election swear oath of allegiance to the Union and accept aeancipation through the 13th Amendment
    many thought this was too leniant and enacted the Wade-Davis Bill that wanted former Confederacy states to be ruled by a military governor and requored 50% of the electorate to swaer the oath

  • Thirteenth Amendment

    Formally abolished slavery

  • Appomattox Court House

    Grant's Army of the Potomac was still fighting at Petersburg and capture a railroad junction southwest of town
    Without the railroad access, Lee could no longer hope to defend Richmond, Lee arranged to meet Grant at a private home in the town of Appomattox Court House, VA and Lee surrendered

  • Freedman's Bureau

    helped newly liberated blacks established a place in society

  • Johnsons Reconstruction Plan

    provisional military governments to run the former Conferacy states until they were readmitted to the Union.
    All Southern citizens must swear the loyalty oath before recieving amnesty for the rebellion.
    The plan did not work

  • Congressional Reconstruction

    Included the 14th amendment- If you are born in the U.S., you are a citizen---states may not deprive any citizen of "life, liberty, property without due process of law---all citizens have "equal protection of the law"---freedmen must have the right to vote or to stop being counted among voting population---barred prominent Confederates from holding political office---excused Confederacy war debt

  • Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

    forced states to allow blacks to vote or convention delegats
    required each state to ratify the 14th amendment

  • Grange movement

    became farmers alliances
    1000000+ members by 1875

  • The Fifteenth Amendment

    required states to enfanchise black men

  • Knights of Labor founded by Uriah Stephens

    A labor union

  • Transcontinental Railroad

    It was completed--across the entire nation

  • Little Big Horn

    In 1868George A. Custer caught and killed Cheif Black Kettle and his Cheyenne
    In 1876, during the Battle of Little Big Horn in southern Montana, Tribal warriors surprised Cluster and 264 members of his regiment, surrounded and killed them all. 2500 warriors were there, one of the largest Indian armies ever assembled at on time in the United States

  • Jim Crow laws

  • Munn v. Illinois

    Munn had been found guilty of violating the state laws providing for the fixing of maximum charges for storage of grain. He appealed, contending that the fixing of maximum rates constituted a taking of property without due process of law. The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws, establishing as constitutional the principle of public regulation of private businesses involved in serving the public interest.

  • Thomas Edison invented the light bulb

  • More imigrants from southern and eastern Europe arive

    (rather than north and west Europe)

  • Courts reversed the Civil Rights Act of 1875

    oppened the door to legal segregation

  • Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

    Signed by Chester Arthur, began dismantling the old spoils system (every time a new president took office, thousands of government jobs opened and it was the presidents resposibility to fill them.). The act stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.

  • Haymarket Square bombing

    Labor union radicals were blamed

  • American Federation of Laber

    led by Samuel Gompers

  • Dawes Severalty Act

    radual elimination of tribal ownership of land and allotment of tracks to individual owners. Adult owners were given US citizenship and couldn't gain full title to their property for 20 years. the Bureau of Indian affairs promoted the idea of assimilation (children were taken from their families and sent to boarding schools to be reeducated)(moved to stop religious tribal rituals and promoted Christianity)

  • Interstate Commerce Act (ICC)

    regulate infair practives

  • Jane Adams founded the Hull House

    Helped working women, mothers, and immigrants

  • Yellow Jounalism

    Mainly through Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

  • Progressive movement

    S-17th amendment
    T-16th amendment
    A-became law c.1900
    R-increasingly more regulated by the government -law c.1900
    S-against corruption and power of trusts (Roosevelt killing bad trusts)
    16-NEVER HAPPENED
    Referendum-people vote on bills
    Recall- removing of elected officials by voters
    Initiative-the right for the people to introduce legislation
    Direct primaries- more of a say in nomination process

  • 1890 Census

    Frederick Jackson Turner declared the frontier closed
    Tuner Frontier Thesis: the frontier was significant in shaping the American charater, defining American spirit, fostering democracy, and providing a saftey valve for economic distress

  • "Billion Dollar Congress"

    51st Congress was the first to pass a billion dollar budget. In other words the laws passed during Benjamin Harrison's term in office cost the United States government over a billion dollars.Because of how actice Harrison was, the public became hesitant, leading to Grover Cleveland returning to the white house

  • Alfred T. Mahan writes The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

     -Thesis: Control of the sea was the key to world dominance and empire. 
    Lead to ideas that the U.S. should build large navy and build defensive bases and refueling stations, strategically placed on world's oceans, Take Hawaii and other Pacific islands, and advocated U.S. build a canal across the isthmus of Central America to link Atlantic & Pacific Oceans. 
    By 1898, the U.S. had fifth most powerful navy; third by 1900. 

  • Sherman Antitrust Act

    -symbolic measure to help deflect public criticism
    -indifferently enforced and steadily weakened by the courts- almost no impact

  • Peoples Party (Populists)

    from the Farmer's Alliances
    Senators- directly elected by the people
    Tax- graduated income tax-the more you make the more taxes you pay
    Australian ballot or secret ballot at the polls
    Railroad regulation an nationalization/ restrictions on immigration
    S-subsides by the government to any private corporation
    16:1 ratio of silver to gold in the currency
    -poor farmers would benefit from higher prices if the money was worth less= inflation of crop prices

  • McKinley Tariff and Wilson Gorman Tariff

    McKinley: raised level duties on imported goods almost 50%
    Gorman: the first federal income tax enacted since the Civil War. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled the income tax provision unconstitutional in 1895. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff removed the tariff on wool and simplified the rates on woolen products imported to the country. Many of the other rate changes involved slight reductions from the McKinley Tariff of 1890

  • Booker T. Washingtons "Atlanta Exposition" speech

    blacks should be patient, acquire property, accept social segregation because with time and money things would improve.
    This was fairly acceptable at least to many northern whites.

  • Plessy v. Ferguson

    "sparate but equal" facilities for different races

  • Spanish American War and the Treaty of Paris

    U.S. drove Spain out of Cuba and the Philippines
    The Treaty of Paris gave Cuba independence and gave the U.S. Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

  • Platt Amendment

    Barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations (giving US control of Cuba foreign policy) -US could intervene to preserve independence, life, and property
    -required Cuba to permit American naval stations on its territory
    -left Cuba with only nominal political independence

  • Insular Cases

    until 1903
    A series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901 about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish–American War. The Supreme Court held that full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to all places under American control.

  • Panama Canal

    Roosevelt anted to build a canal in Panama which posed numerous logistical and political problems. --Panama was then a region of Colombia and the Colombian government and manufacturing companies that provided the construction materials at a higher price. Roosevelt refused to pay the higher-than-expected fees and responded with an "engineered revolution" in Colombia that aimed for the secession of Panama. Panama revolted against Colombia and declared itself a republic, receiving $10 million

  • Venezuala Affair

    Venezuela owed debts to Germany. When Germany blockaded Venezuela with naval power, Roosevelt announce the 1905 corollary to the  Monroe Doctrine that the U.S. would intervene in the finances of unstable Caribbean and Central American countries if they defaulted on their debts to European creditors. This made it unnecessary for European powers to intervene and warned Germany/others from directly intervening.

  • International Worers of the World formed (IWW)

    radical socialist labor union

  • W.E.B Du Bois creates the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

  • Mexican Revolution

    When Victoriano Huerta gained control of Mexico Wilson refused to recognize him because he had illegally seized power. Mexican officials in Tampico arrested a few American sailors who blundered into a prohibited area, and Wilson used the incident to justify ordering the U.S. Navy to occupy the port city of Veracruz. The move greatly weakened Huerta's control, and he abandoned power to Venustiano Carranza, whom Wilson immediately recognized as the president of Mexico.

  • Clayton Antitrust Act

    enforced by Wilson

  • Lusitania

    -British ship that sunk, German submarine attack blamed. 1,198 died, 128 were Americans. Allies started arming merchant ships to attack submarines -1916
    -Later found that this was in fact and explosion in the engine due to too much coal dust in the air

  • Zimmerman Telegran

    Woodrow Wilson received a telegram from the British intercepted by German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico gov.that stated in the event of war between Germany and US, Mexico should join Germany to regain their "lost provinces"

  • Espionage Act 1917 and Sedation Act 1918

    Espionage--prohibited using the US mail system to interfere with the war effort
    Sedation--illegal to try to prevent the ssale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, the flag, the military, or the Constitution

  • Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen points

    free trade, lower tariffs, freedom of the seas, reduction of arms supplies on all sides, promotion of self-determination , both in europe and overseas (end of colonialism)
    also the creation of the League of Nations

  • Ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment

    Prohibited alcohal
    Repealed by the 1933 21st Amendment

  • Treaty of Versailles

    Germany had to cede German/colonial territories to the Allies, to disarm, par huge reparations, and to admit total fault for the war

  • Ratification of the 19th Amendement

    womens voting rights

  • Sacco and Vanzetti

    -Two Italian immigrants--May 1920--were charged with the murder of a paymaster in Braintree, MA. There was questionable evidence but both, confessed anarchists, were seen as guilty, were put through injudicious trials and sentenced to death. New trials were requested by the public but were denied
    -Aug. 23, 1927=1927 protests

  • Palmer Raids

    led to the arrest of 4,000 suspected communists

  • Teapot Dome Scandal

    -Albert B. Fall, a New Mexico senator, was made secretary of the interior, by Harding. Warren G. Harding transferred control of oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California at the urging of Fall from the Navy Department to the Interior Department, Fall secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and received nearly half a million $ in "loan", Fall was then convicted of bribery and sent to prison.

  • Washington conference

    reaffirmed the Open Door Policy towards China
    62 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact that condemned war as a means of forein policy

  • Emergency Quota Act

    Acainst new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

  • Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force-BEF)

    Congress approved payment of $1000 bonus to all those that served in WWI (money to be paid by 1945) buby 1932 many veterans demanded the bonus be paid immediately. 20,000+ veterans marched in to Washington, built camps around the city, and promised to stay until bonus was paid. Hoover handled the afair, violently and poorley.

  • Scopes Monkey Trial

    Tenesse passed the law that teachers couldn't teach evolution. John Thomas Scopes broke the law. Clarence darrow was for Scopes and humiliated William Jennings Bryan

  • Black Tuesday Stock Market Crash

    depression begins

  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff

    Highest protective tariff in U.S. history--worsened the economy

  • Japan invades Manchuria

    violated the Kellogg-Briand Pact

  • First New Deal

    By Franklin Delano Roosevelt
    untill 1935
    Relief
    Recovery
    Reform

  • Emergency Banking Relief Act (Bank Holiday)

    American banks closed for four days until congress could meet in a special session to consider banking-reform legislation. "Bank holiday "created a general sense of relief. 3 days later Roosevelt sent Congress the Emergency Banking Act to protect the larger banks from being dragged down by the weakness of the smaller ones. Allbanks had to be inspected before reopening. Roosevelt then sent the Economy Act to convince fiscally conservative Americans that the federal government was in safe hands

  • Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

    Provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to 1/2

  • NAtional Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

    consolidate businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim of elimination overproduction (thereby stabilizing prices)

  • Public Works Administration (PWA)

    set aside $3 billion to creat jobs building roads, sewers, public housing, and other civic necessities

  • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

    provided grants to states for their own PWA-like projects

  • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

    provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region
    lead to the regions economic recovery

  • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and Securities and Exchange Commision (SEC)

    NLRB-mediated labor disputes
    SEC-regulated the stock market

  • Good Neighbor Policy

    Platt amendment repealed

  • Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

    allowed the President to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve forein policy goals

  • Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) and United States v. Butler (1936)

    Schechter Poultry Corp: invalidated sections of the NIRA-- the codes created under the ajency were unconstitutional (only congress can make laws)
    Butler: Supreme Court Struck dowwn AAA

  • Second New Deal

    second stage of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

  • Works Progree Administration (WPA)

    by Establishing the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
    generated more than 8 million jobs and public works projects
    employed artists/photographers as documentarians

  • Social Security Administration (SSA)

    provided retiremnet benefits

  • New Deal coalition formed

    Union mebers, urbanites, underclass, and blacks became the new democratic coalation that alloud him to get re-elected

  • Nye Commision

    Led by Senator Gerald Nye
    revealed unwholesome activities by American arms manufaturers (many lobbied intensly for entry into WWI, bribe officials, and/or supplying fascist governments with weapons)
    This was followed by neutrality acts

  • Japan goes to war with China

    United states sold arms to the Chinese and called for an embargo on arms sales to Japan

  • Selective Training and Service Act

    first peacetime draft in US history

  • Lend-Lease Act

    permitted the US to "lend" armaments to England, which no longer had money to by tools of war.

  • Atlantic Charter Conference

    Roosevelt met British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ro declaire the Allies' war aims (disarmament, self-determination, freedom of the seas, and gaurentees of each nations security)

  • Vetminh

    nationalist Vietnamese resistance led by Ho Chi Minh

  • Tripartite Pact and Pearl Harbor

    Japan allied with Italy(1941) and Germany then expanded south into French Indochina. US cut trade to Japan but Japan needed US Oil and other materials. Japan had only 2 years of oil left when they attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7

  • Internment of Japanese Americans

    more than 110,000 Asian Americans (over 2/3s were US citizens), out of fear of serving the Japanese enemy, were imprisoned.

  • Labor Disputes Act

    allowed government to takeover businesses deemed necessary to national security (giving government the authority to end labor disputes)

  • First "Big Three" meeting

    Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Terhan, Iran
    The planed the Normandy invasion--D-Day (Allies invaded and occupied France)

  • G.I. Bill of Rights

    allowed educationsl and living expences for returning soldiers and veterans wishing to earn their high school diploma or attened college.

  • Allied leaders meet at Yalta and Potsdam

    discussed the fate of postwar Europe
    redrew the world map
    at Potsdam they discussed how to implement the Yalta agreements (this time with President Truman as Roosevelt died in April)
    Potsdam arguments with the Soviet Union (might have) promted Truman to use the atomin bombs (because of fear that Soviets might attempt to expand their influuence in the Asian war as they were doing in Eastern Europe

  • Japan Reconstruction

    US occupied Japan and took control of the pacific islands as well as the southern half of Korea while the USSR took control of North Korea. Japan wrote a democratic constitution, demilitarized, and started an economic revival under the command of General Douglass MacArthur

  • Vietnames Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens

    drafted by Ho Chi Minh after Japanese surrender in WWII

  • Hiroshima and Nagasaki

    During the final stage of the Second World War, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

  • Long Telegram

    Sent to Washington by George Kennen stating the containement policy idea: US would not instigate a war with the Soviet Union, but would come to the defense of countries in danger of Soviet takeover.

  • Chinese Revolution

    US sided with Chiang Kai-shek's National government against Mao Zedong's communist insurgents during the 20-year civil war--Communists won and exiled the National government to Taiwan. Clutural revolution began in 1949

  • Vietnamese War for Independence against the French

    lasted until 1954 when the French were defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu
    Truman aided French and financed more than 80% of France's war effort in Indochina

  • Cold War Starts

    Soviet communist government took over poland and then Hungary and Czechoslovakia

  • Truman Doctrine of containment

    To stop Soviet expansion during the Cold War, President Harry S. Truman pledged to contain communism in Europe and elsewhere and wanted the US to support any nation with both military and economic aid if its stability was threatened by communism or the Soviet Union. Truman argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive aid , they would fall to communism. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was necessary to help both equally, even though the threat to Greece was more immediate.

  • National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency

    NSA: a group of foreign advisors working for the president
    CIA: US's spy network
    in response to the Soviets first atomic bomb

  • Marshall Plan

    US gave $12 billion to European countries in return for them the become US Allies. No countries in the "soviet sphere participated" :Stalin saw it as American imperialism

  • Berlin Blockade

    (NOT the Berlin wall) Berlin was devided into 4 parts and the Western Allies planned to merge their sectors and bring the new country into the Western ecomomy so the Soviets imposed a blockade and closed of access to the city during the Truman administration but Truman still refused surrender and continued to try to gain control

  • President's Committee on Civil Rights

    Truman's--called to end segregation and poll taxes and for more enforcement on anti-lynching laws etc.
    Southern outbreak of racism among segregationist Democrats "Dixiecrats"

  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

    Mutual defence alliance with Cnada and some Western Europe countries

  • McCarthysism

    anti communist scare
    (people with any association with "known communists", or alcoholics, homosexuals, etc. were almost always dismissed without a hearing)
    Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of more than 200 communists working for the State departement

  • Korean War

    Attempt to reunify North and South Korea. Attack North Korea, provoking China. General Mac Arthur wanted to go to was with China as well to overthrow the communist government but Truman thought it was too risky and fired MacArthur

  • First U.S. hydrogen bomb test

    10,400,000 tons of TNT
    (Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima had 12,500 tons of TNT)

  • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and Little Rock Nine

    Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" all schools should desegregate
    Eisenhower was a little reluctant to enforce major change and when Little Rock high school in Arkansas refused to enroll a group of black students. Eisenhower did little.
    Courts ordered him to enfors the law, Arkansas then closed all public schools in Little Rock for 2 years.
    Eisenhower supported the 1957 and 1960 Civil Rights Acts

  • Geneva Accords

    'Temporarily' divided Vietnam but the elections for who would rule a united Vietnam were satisfied by the US out of fear Ho Chi Minh would win and supported a southern leader named Ngo Dinh Diem
    communist North Vietnam
    "democratic" South

  • Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

    formed by Britain, France, Thailand, Pakistan, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Australia
    to provide South Vietnam's defense against Communist takeover

  • Bus Boycott and Rosa Parks

  • Interstate Highway System

    made it easier to move around soldiers and missiles
    prompted tourism and suburb developement
    authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956

  • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Congress of Ractial Equality (CORE) formed

    SCLC was Led by Martin Luther King Jr.
    CORE organized the Freedon Riders Movement
    both organized sit-ins boycotts, and other peaceful demonstrations

  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

  • Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba

    Castro leads communist insugents to overthrow Cuba's U.S. friendly dictatorship

  • Conservative Group --New Right Formed

    formed by conservative evangelicals and fundementalists (like Billy Graham, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson)
    mobilized other like-minded citizens to support the Republican Party
    played a role in helping the election of Ronald Reagan

  • Conservative Group --New Right Formed

    formed by conservative evangelicals and fundementalists (like Billy Graham, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson)
    mobilized other like-minded citizens to support the Republican Party
    played a role in helping the election of Ronald Reagan

  • Bay of Pigs invasion

    Sending Cuban exiles trained by the CIA to invade Cuba and rise up in support
    Not enough U.S. military backup was involved and the invasion failed

  • Berlin Wall

    A barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic that divided Berlin, completely cutting off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until it was opened in November 1989.

  • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed

    Leftist political agenda
    Port Huton Statement--set the tone for progressive groups on college campuses--became the New Left groups
    New Left=elimination of poverty, racism and an end to the Cold War politics
    New Left protests at the University of California at Berkely grew into the Free Speech movement in 1964

  • Cuban missile crisis

    U.S. spy planes detected missile sites in Cuba andKennedy decided they had to be removed. Demanded this publically on television, backing Soviets into a corner. Soviets counterned by demanding that U.S. must remove missiles from Turkey and not again invade Cuba. The conflict was solved by behind-the-scenes negotiations

  • Equal Pay Act

    for men and women

  • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Medgar Evers

    voter registration and anti-segregationist activism--met resistance
    Medgar Evers was Mississippi's NAACP directer and was shot to death by an anti-integrationalist and later demontraters in Alabama were attacked and assaulted by police officers and firefighters

  • Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona

    Earl Warrens Supreme court=very liberal
    Gideon: court ruled that a defedant felony trial must be provided a lawyer for free if he/she cannot afford one
    Miranda: court ruled that, upon arrest, a suspect must be advised his or her right to remain silent and to consult with a lawyer

  • Betty Friedan's

    challenged many about assumptions of womens place in society

  • CIA helped the South Vietnamese military overthrow Diem

    Diem and his brother were killed

  • Kennedy dies

  • Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Equal Employement Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

    Lobbied by Lyndon B. Johnson
    outlawed descrimination baced on a persons race, color, religion, or gender
    EEOC was to enforce the employement clause of the act

  • Johnson's Economic Oppournunity Act, War on Poverty, Project Head Start, Job Corps and VISTA

    The Economic Oppournunity Act appropriated nearly $1 billion for poverty relief, taken further, after being elected, by the War of Poverty which combined a number of anti poverty programs, and Project Head Start prepared underprivileged children early schooling. Job Cops trained workers for better jobs and VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) acted as a domestic Peace Corps

  • Voting Rights Act

    cracked down on states that denied blacks voting rights despite the Fifteenth amendment

  • Immigration Act of 1965

    contributed signifaicantly to the increase in immigration by members of Hispanics and Asians
    phased out national quotas and instead set annual lmits on immigration relaxing restrictions on non-European immigration

  • Voting Rights Act and the Twenty-fourth Amendment

    prohibited poll taxes, literacy tests etc.

  • Gulf of Tonkin and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

    Reports stated that the North Vietnamese had fired on two American destroyer ships in the Gulf
    The resolutionn allowed the president to take measures he deemed necessary to protect American interests in the region --gave Johnson carte blanche to escalate U.S.participation in the war--closest Congress came to and official declaration of war in Vietnam--first grouns troops began toe arrive

  • National Organization for Women (NOW)

    one of the founders was Betty Friedan
    fought for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

  • North Vietnamese launched Tet Offensive

    a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam that required US withdrawal from the war.

  • My Lai Massacre

    US soldiers abused, tortured, and murdered around 347 to 504 innocent civilians that were women, children, elderly, or unable to fight

  • Martin Luther King Jr. killed

    by a white assassin
    riots in more than 150 towns

  • First African American woman elected in Congress

    Shirley Chisholm
    she was also the first African American to run for president

  • Nixon Doctrine

    announced the US would withdraw from many of its overseas troop comitements, relying instead on alliances with local governments to check the spread of communism

  • Conservative Resurgence began

  • Pentagon Papers (1971) released and the plumbers/Watergate Hotel

    a stufy of the history of the involvement in the Vietnamese War fom WWII to 1968
    documented military miscalculations and lies the government tol the public
    Nixon fought to prevent their publication--Nixon put together the "plumbers" to preveant further classified documents from leaking. the plumbers sabotaged Democrats in the 1972 elections and botched a bugalry of Democratic headquarters in the Watergate Hotel

  • Roe v. Wade

    enabled women (in all 50 states) to obtain an abortion within their first trimester
    remains controversial

  • End of American involvement in Vietnam and War Powers Resolution

    Peace treaty negotiated by Secretary of State: Henry Kissinger
    The War Powers Resolution prevented future presidents from involving the military in another undeclared war

  • Nixon resigned

    vice president Gerald Forn took office

  • Milliken v. Bradley

    held that an Intersistrict remedy for unconstitutional segregation found in one district exeeded the scope of the violation

  • Inflation in 1970s

    An embargo was organized by Arab nations, under the leadership of OPEC, against the US, increasing feul prices, resulting in inflation.

  • Saigon falls to the Northern Vietnamese Army

    Saigon= the capital of the south

  • Camp David Accords

    Israel-Egypt relations were hostile since Israel's founding in 1948
    Six Day War was in 1967 when Israel captured the Sinai peninsula, a desert region belonging to egypt--increased hostility
    Carter invited the leaders of the two nations to a meeting at Camp David and personally brokered an agreement
    US has actively participated in peace negotiations in the region ever since

  • Department of Energy and Three Mile Island

    After the increased cost of OPEC petroleum President Carter created the Department of Energy to over see efforts for new energy sources
    many people saw nuclear power as the answe but it was aggured that the faliures were catastrophic. A Pennsylvania plant at Three Mile Island failed, releasing radioactive materials into the atmosphere

  • Iran hostage Crises

    Carter's largest set backs after being powerless when the USSR invaded Afganistan and turning against Nicaragua when they allied themsevles with Cuba and the USSR, Sixty-six American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days, the were held or over a year and were only released after Ronald Reagan took office.

  • Reagans New Federalism and Supply-side economics theory

    Federalism: shift power from national government to the states (state take care of: welfare, food stamps, and other national funded welfare programs) and the national government would assume the cost of Medicade--never accomplished, fear that the shift would increase state government cost and increase tax at state level.
    Supply-side: coporate taxes reduced and corporations earn more profits which would be used to buy equipement and hire employees rich used the profits to buy luxury instead

  • Mikhail Gorbachev rose to power

    New leader of the Soviet Union
    -loosened control of Eastern Europe
    -increased personal liberties
    -allowed some forms of free-market commerce in Communist country
    -met with Reagan frequently to negotiate nuclear warhead withdrawal from Europe

  • Invasion of Grenada

    to destroy the new communist government
    under Reagan

  • Iran-Contra Affair

    Reagan supported the "Contras" a group of insurgents in Nicaragua, reports told that Contras were murdering and torturing civilians so Congress cut off aid, but Reagan administration was so committed and was against the Sandinistas (communists) that the government secretly sold weapons to Iran and used the incom to buy guns for Contras

  • Tearing down the Berlin Wall

  • Operation Desert Storm

    air strikes against Iraqi targets, Ṣaddam Ḥussein remained in Power

  • Persian Gulf War

    Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait under Ṣaddām Ḥussein to aim of acquiring the nation’s large oil reserves, canceling a large debt Iraq owed Kuwait, and expanding Iraqi power in the region.

  • End of the Cold War

  • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

    President Clinton's first significant presidential establishement
    eliminated trade barriers among the United States, Mexico, and Cnada

  • Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT)

    Clinton's policy prohibited openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. Prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability"
    not ended until 2011

  • 9/11 Attacks