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movement to reform Catholic Church, translate Latin bible to English; triggered by Henry VIII's break from Church
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Aztec attack on Spaniards
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forms Roanoke Island
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issued by Henry VI; limited toleration granted to French Protestants; religious wars ensued
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Spanish attack on Pueblo in Rio Grande Valley; led by Don Juan Oñate
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70,000 refugees left England; 20,000 came to Massachusetts
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guaranteed toleration of all Christians and death penalty to Jews and Atheists in Maryland
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denied fundamental rights to slaves; masters given complete control
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Metacom "King Phillip" assaulted English villages in New England
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Indians drove Roman Catholic missionaries out of New Mexico
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founded by William Penn for his fellow Quakers
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imposed by Sir Edmund Andros
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overthrowing of James II
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lordly landholders vs. aspiring merchants
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French trappers vs. British settlers + respective Indian allies
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English vs. French in North; English vs. Spanish in FL
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squelched North American trade with French West Indies
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small scale war, Britain vs. Spain in Caribbean + Georgia; merged with War of Austrian Succession; became King George's War
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Britain vs. France in North America
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one of the most significant engagements in British vs. American history; uprooted French power in North America
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Ottawan Chief led tribes + French traders in attack against British in Ohio Valley
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London government's prohibition on settlements beyond Appalachians
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duty on imported sugar from West Indies
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27 delegates from 9 colonies hold debates on their rights/grievance
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required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for redcoats
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mandated use of stamped paper, taxes on paper goods
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passed to replace Stamp Act; reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over American colonies
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levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea; proceeds paid colonial governors
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uprising against unfair taxation and control of colonial affairs by seaboard elite in North Carolina
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signed by Iroquois and US granting Ohio to US; first treaty between Native Americans and USA
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Bostonians provoked 10 redcoats; RCs opened fire in retaliation, killed/wounded 11 people
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formed originally by Samuel Adams; spread spirit of resistance through exchange of letters.
Set up in every colony; fostered intercolonial unity and communication -
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first battles of Revolutionary War
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met in response to Concord and Lexington
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adopted by Continental Congress; professed American loyalty to crown and begged to halt hostilities
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founded by Quakers in Philadelphia, PA
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France offers treaty of Alliance
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written by Richard Henry Lee
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written by Thomas Jefferson
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500 ships carrying 35,000 men came from Britain; George Washington met troops with 18,000 ill-trained Patriots
American loss; Washington escaped to Manhattan Island -
reflected desire for commercial partnerships, not political or military entanglements
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published by Thomas Paine
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George Washington surpsied/captured 1,000 Hessian troops
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British scheme to cut New England off from other colonies by capturing Hudson River Valley; thwarted by Benedict Arnold
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not ratified in all 13 colonies until 1781; "firm league of friendship"
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Burgoyone forced to surrender command to American general, Horatio Gates; ensured aide from France
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Pennsylvania; George Washington Army without food or equipment for the winter
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organized by Catherine the Great of Russia; no protected trading rights of nonparticipating countries + maintained passive hostility of neutral countries towards Britain
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money inflation, enormous debt, unity withered, mutinous sentiments
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George Washington overatkes Cornwallis; French naval fleet prevents British reinforcements
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British formally recognize independence of US; came about by John Jay's disregard of orders (went to London instead of negotiating with Paris)
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exclusive hereditary organization of former officers of the Continental Army
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sale of land in Old Northwest; proceeds put toward paying off national debt
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armed debtors seek lowered taxes and an end to property foreclosures in Massachusetts; debtor-relioef laws passed in response; provoked fear of "mobocracy"
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convention in Annapolis regarding control of commerce
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Land belongs to Federal Government; area becomes state when population is greater than or equal to 60,000 people
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organized federal legal system; established Supreme Court, federal district courts and circuit courts as well as office of Attorney General
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issued by George Washington; proclaims American neutrality in conflict between France and England
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held in Southwestern PA; whiskey distillers oppose excise tax on whiskey; put down by George Washington's militia
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Miami Confederacy vs. US Army; Britain refused to assist Indian allies
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Miami Confederacy forfeits Old Northwest land to US and receives $20,000 + annual $9,000 and the right to hunt on the ceded land
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drafted to ensure good relations between Spain and the US in response to Jay's Treaty.
Greanted America free navigation of Mississippi River and the disputed territory in Florida -
anyone defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine
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formally dissolved US treaty with France
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electoral victory of Democratic-Republicans over Federalists
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last act passed by Federealist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships; ensured Federalist grip on Judiciary branch
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Pirates of North African Barbary States demanding blackmail money for safe passage of American ships thought the Mediterranean; pasha of Tripoli informally declares war on US for dissatisfaction with money given
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Jefferson sends Monroe to Paris: meet with minister Robert R. Livingston.
Order to try to buy New Orleans + the land east of it for no more than $10mill.
Napoleon suddenly cedes all of Louisiana; no alliance needed.
paved way for diplomatic success in the future. -
Lewis and Clark expedition through Louisiana Territory; chartered to find water route to Pacific Ocean
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edicts issued by British crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping.
French response=seizure order of all ships entering British ports.
American trade cut off both ways -
forbade exporting goods from America; hoped to resolve conflict between France and Britain by cutting off their supplies; instead, crippled American economy + revived Federalist party
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reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France
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William Henry Harrison and Indiana Army defeat Shawnee Prophet; Tecumseh, after, formed alliance with British against US
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U.S. vs GB
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dispersed 6,000 militiamen at Bladensburg--"Bladensburg Races";
Advanced on Washington, set fire to public buildings including Capitol Building and White House -
fought in NY on floating slaughter-houses on Lake Champlain. American Victory
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states that sent full delegations: MA, CT, RI
partial delegations: NH, VT met in complete secrecy; discussed grievances / seeking rederess for wrongs
Demands:
1. financial assistance froM Washington to compensate for loss of trade
2. proposition of constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress on embargos, addition of states, war declarations **Demands brought to Washington just as news of Ghent and New Orlenas reached New England Death of Federalist party -
armistice; no mention in draft of the instigating points of the war, i.e.:
1. Indian threats to America
2. search and seizures
3. Orders in Council
4. impressment / confiscations -
Andrew Jackson in command of defense of New Orleans circa 1814.
British launch assault; worst defeat for GB in entire war.
Andrew Jackson made a national hero: NATIONALISM** -
Severely limited naval power of Canada and U.S. on Great Lakes