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printing press-The printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface, allowing for the mass production of text. -
The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1453, occurred after a 53-day siege led by 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II. Using advanced cannons and a superior army of over 80,000 men against a smaller force of around 7,000 defenders, the Ottomans broke through the city's walls, ending the Byzantine Empire and making Constantinople the new capital -
The Tudor dynasty's reign in England lasted from 1485 to 1603, starting with Henry VII and ending with Elizabeth I
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Columbus voyage to the Americas
Alhambra Decree(mandated the expulsion of all practicing Jews from Spain by the end of July of that year, forcing them to convert to Catholicism or leave the country.)
Completion of the Reconquista(the conquest of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella) in Spain (fall of Granada) -
Michelangelo (Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance) -
Martin Luther ( German theologian/reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, leading to a major schism within Western Christianity and the establishment of Protestantism. )
95 thesis (a document that questioned the practices of the Catholic Church.)
- Launches the protestant reform(religious and cultural movement that challenged the Catholic Church's authority and practices) -
diet of worms(Luther was summoned to Worms to defend his beliefs before the Emperor and other dignitaries. ) -
The Prince is a 16th-century political treatise written by the Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli -
Act of Supremacy(formally declared King Henry VIII the "Supreme Head" of the Church of England, establishing the monarch as the ultimate authority over the church and severing England's ties with the Pope in Rome)
Henry the 8th(King of England from 1509 to 1547)
Anglican church( a global Christian tradition that emerged from the Church of England and has roots in both Protestant and Catholic elements) -
Copernicus( polish astronomer) -
council of Trent (the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, serving as a key event in the Catholic Counter-Reformation)
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peace of Augsburg( a 1555 treaty that ended conflict between Catholic and Lutheran states)
Cuius regio eius religio (a Latin phrase meaning "whose realm, his religion) -
St. Bartholomew's massacre (was a series of targeted assassinations and mob violence against Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)) -
War of three Henry's (the final conflict of the French Wars of Religion, fought between King Henry III of France, Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot, or Protestant), and Henry of Guise (leader of the Catholic League) over control of France)
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Spanish Armada(a massive Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England in 1588 to restore Catholicism, but it was decisively defeated by the English navy) -
Edict of Nantes (granted significant religious and civil rights to Protestants (Huguenots) in predominantly Catholic France, bringing an end to the French Wars of Religion and promoting civil unity)