-
printing press-The printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface, allowing for the mass production of text. -
The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1453, occurred after a 53-day siege led by 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II. Using advanced cannons and a superior army of over 80,000 men against a smaller force of around 7,000 defenders, the Ottomans broke through the city's walls, ending the Byzantine Empire and making Constantinople the new capital -
The Tudor dynasty's reign in England lasted from 1485 to 1603, starting with Henry VII and ending with Elizabeth I
-
Columbus voyage to the Americas
Alhambra Decree(mandated the expulsion of all practicing Jews from Spain by the end of July of that year, forcing them to convert to Catholicism or leave the country.)
Completion of the Reconquista(the conquest of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella) in Spain (fall of Granada) -
Michelangelo (Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance) -
Martin Luther ( German theologian/reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, leading to a major schism within Western Christianity and the establishment of Protestantism. )
95 thesis (a document that questioned the practices of the Catholic Church.)
- Launches the protestant reform(religious and cultural movement that challenged the Catholic Church's authority and practices) -
diet of worms(Luther was summoned to Worms to defend his beliefs before the Emperor and other dignitaries. ) -
The Prince is a 16th-century political treatise written by the Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli -
Act of Supremacy(formally declared King Henry VIII the "Supreme Head" of the Church of England, establishing the monarch as the ultimate authority over the church and severing England's ties with the Pope in Rome)
Henry the 8th(King of England from 1509 to 1547)
Anglican church( a global Christian tradition that emerged from the Church of England and has roots in both Protestant and Catholic elements) -
Copernicus( polish astronomer) -
council of Trent (the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, serving as a key event in the Catholic Counter-Reformation)
-
peace of Augsburg( a 1555 treaty that ended conflict between Catholic and Lutheran states)
Cuius regio eius religio (a Latin phrase meaning "whose realm, his religion) -
St. Bartholomew's massacre (was a series of targeted assassinations and mob violence against Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)) -
War of three Henry's (the final conflict of the French Wars of Religion, fought between King Henry III of France, Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot, or Protestant), and Henry of Guise (leader of the Catholic League) over control of France)
-
-
Spanish Armada(a massive Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England in 1588 to restore Catholicism, but it was decisively defeated by the English navy) -
Edict of Nantes (granted significant religious and civil rights to Protestants (Huguenots) in predominantly Catholic France, bringing an end to the French Wars of Religion and promoting civil unity) -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
An international diplomatic conference was made to reorganize Europe after prince Napoleon's defeat held in Austria. -
-
The time period within Europe that the Austrian diplomat Klemens Von Metternich dominated after Napoleon fell.
-
The British protest for reform which leads to the military killing of protesters. -
Censorship laws in German states to stop liberal ideas.
Censorship: controlling what people can say/write -
Napoleon Bonaparte dies in exile Which marks the end of his era. -
Russian officers try to revolt and it failed. -
The king was overthrown and there is now a new "citizen king"
Revolution:overthrow government -
More uprisings for independence and rights. -
Britain expands voting rights slightly. -
Inspired by:
Liberalism:more rights, democracy
Nationalism:pride in your nation
Socialism:help workers, reduce inequality
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write Communist Manifesto -
Russia vs Ottomans,Britain and France.
first modern war -
France and Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austria to advance Italian unification. -
A period of rapid industrialization and technological innovation, shifting from iron and steam to steel, electricity, chemicals, and oil
-
Italy becomes one country.
Alexander II of Russia frees serfs.
Cavour:first Prime Minister of unified Italy
Garibaldi: He is considered to be one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland" -
Prussia beats Austria and leads German unification. -
Prussia defeats France which leads to Germany becoming unified.
Led by Otto von Bismarck
Otto Von Bismarck:a conservative Prussian statesman who unified Germany in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor. Known as the "Iron Chancellor,"
Napoleon lll: He was the first president of France, then staged a takeover to become the last Emperor of France.
Kaiser Wilhelm l:was the very first Emperor of a united Germany, ruling from 1871 until his death in 1888. Before that, he was the King of Prussia -
Redraws borders in the Balkans to avoid conflict. -
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy alliance. -
European powers divide Africa.
-
french officer falsely accused Which shows antisemitism -
Protests after “Bloody Sunday." leads to Duma.
Duma: Russian parliament
Tsar Nicholas ll: He was a weak, stubborn leader who ignored the needs of his struggling people, -
France, Russia, Britain alliance. -
Austria takes Bosnia Which angers Serbia. -
Fighting in Balkans which increases tension.
-
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed leading to the start of WWI.