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-General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna abolished Mexico's federalist constitution and established more centralized, authoritarian government
-actions alienated Texans, who believed their local rights were under threat -
-Sam Houston led revolt, claimed territory north of Rio Grande
-key battles became rallying cries
-Houston requested U.S. annexation after independence -
-Resolved Maine Canada boundary dispute
-improved U.S. British relations by ending years of tension over region
-established clearer cooperation on issues (extradition, anti slave trade patrols) -
-expansion into Oregon=major political issue
-James K. Polk campaigned on asserting U.S. claims up to 54th parallel
-slogan, 54 40 or Flight, appealed to expansionists -
-popularized by John L. O'Sullivan
-argued that U.S. had a God given mission to expand its territory across North American continent
-"divine right" and a natural, inevitable process
-extension of America's republican institutions, Protestant values, belief in national progress
-central ideology of 1840s
-shaped debates over territorial growth and American identity -
-11th president of U.S.
-aggressive expansionist polices
-President during Mexican American war -
-right at start of American-Mexican war
-Wilmot proposed banning slavery in all new territory acquired by Mexico
-passed house twice, failed senate -
-Tensions over Texas border had been growing since U.S. annexed Texas
-Mexican cavalry unit crossed Rio Grande into disputed territory
-attacked a U.S. patrol, killed 11 American soldiers
-Polk declared war
-Whigs questioned whether clash truly occurred on U.S. soil
-Congress authorized the war
-Mexico suffered severe military defeats
-war increased U.S. territorial size and intensified national debates over expansion of slavery
-helped develop generation of military leaders -
-agreement between US and Mexico
-officially ended Mexican American war
-Allowed US troops to buy parts of California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas -
-free soil party nominated Martin Van Buren
-Taylor won election
-free soil party showed growing Northern resistance to spread of slavery -
-Antislavery political party
-opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories
-Free soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men -
-Gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter's Mill sparked mass migration to California
-population expanded from around 14,000 before the discovery to over 380,000 by 1860 -
-required citizens to assist in the capture of runaway enslaved people
-Omtestified Northern resistance towards slavery -
-laws admitted California as a free state
-strengthened Fugitive Slave Acts
-allowed for popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico
-banned slave trade in D.C.
-settled Texas/New Mexico Border -
-U.S. and Britain agreed nation would dominate/control any future canal route in central america
-aimed to prevent conflict and keep region open for shared influence -
-U.S. government granted 2.6 million acres of federal land to support construction of Illinois Central Railroad
-set precedent or future federal land grants that accelerated western settlement and economic growth -
-Territory purchase made by U.S.
-for parts of modern Arizona and New Mexico
-US gave Mexico $10 million -
-created Kansas and Nebraska territories with popular sovereignty on slavery
-effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise
-triggered "Bleeding Kansas" -
-formed in response to outrage over Kansas Nebraska Act
-coalition of free soilers, antislavery whigs, and antislavery democrats
-stopping expansion of slavery into the territories
-repealing both fugitive slave act, and Kansas Nebraska Act
-promoting free labor and western settlement -
-republicans nominated John C. Fremont
-calling for no expansion of slavery
-democrats nominated James Buchanan
-know nothings ran Millard Fillmore, splitting anti democratic vote -
-war between US and Mexico
-resulted in US acquiring land -
-Northern industries experienced sharp unemployment, bank failures, and falling wages
-cotton prices remained high
-led many Southerners to believe their economy was stronger and more self sufficient -
-Scott sued for his freedom
-claimed that four year stay in northern portion of Louisiana Territory, made free land by Missouri Compromise, made him a free man
-U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not citizen -
-site where John Brown executed his raid
-Brown attacked federal armory with goal of starting slave rebellion (unsuccessful) -
-South Carolina unanimously votes to secede from Union
-Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas follow
-seceding states justified their actions by claiming Lincoln's election threatened slavery and states' rights -
-first major battle of Civil War
-Confederacy shattered Northern's hope for a quick war -
-marked start of Civil War
-Confederates attacked a federal fort -
-increased tariffs to raise revenue and protect northern industry
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-president of the Confederate States of America
-
-16th president of U.S.
-assassinated
-leader during Civil War
-abolished slavery with Emancipation Proclamation
-passed 13th Amendment -
-Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
-Union strategic victory
-allowed Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation -
-federal government provided grants for acres of land to universities that would focus on agriculture and mechanical colleges
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-federal program
-offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers who lived on and improved it for 5 years
-encouraged westward expansion -
-major confederate victory
-demonstrated poor union leadership and planning at this stage -
-provided federal support for construction of transcontinental railroad
-connected California to eastern states -
-considered one of Robert E. Lee's greatest victories despite being outnumbered
-confederates used bold flanking maneuvers to defeat Union forces
-stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded by friendly fire
-highlighted the confederacy's strong military leadership -
-Union victory that crushed Southerners morale
-opened up Deep South -
-major turning point in civil war
-occurred in Pennsylvania
-union victory
-stopped Lee's invasion North -
-required southerners to take an oath of loyalty to the union and constitution
-required acceptance of emancipation of enslaved people
-10% plan -
-gave union control of Mississippi River
-cut confederate forces' supplies off -
-General Sherman's destructive campaign
-occurred across Georgia
-aimed at breaking confederates morale and resources -
-secured Gulf of Mexico
-completely cut off confederate ports -
-required 50% of voters to take loyalty oath before readmission
-Lincoln refused to sign it -
-union cut off supplies to Richmond with trench warfare
-
-secured vital transportation city
-helped Lincoln gain reelection -
-Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant
-ended Civil War -
-abolished slavery nationwide
-guaranteed freedom applied to all enslaved people
-over 4 million people were freed -
-white southerners formed secret terrorist organizations
-intimidate African Americans and white republicans
-founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest
-used violence, burned black owned buildings, murdered freedmen and reformers to undermine reconstruction governments
-congress passed force acts -
-members of congress became angry with Johnson's lenient approach to reconstruction
-new phase of reconstruction
-controlled by congress
-featuring harsher policies toward Southern states and greater
-greater protections for African Americans -
-delivered final speech, encouraging congress to readmit Louisiana on April 11, 1865
-Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth
-shifted reconstruction to vice president Andrew Johnson and congress -
-declared all African Americans to be U.S. citizens
-overturning Dred Scott decision
-providing legal protection against discriminatory state laws -
-Johnson campaigned against radical republicans
-huge republican victory -
-Ulysses S. Grant won presidency
-congress passed 15th Amendment
-protecting voting rights -
-passed by congress in June 1866, ratified in 1868
-declared all persons born/naturalized in U.S. are citizens
-required states to respect rights of U.S. citizens, provide equal protection of the laws
-first time the U.S. constitution required states to uphold citizenship rights
-disqualified former confederate political leaders from holding federal or state office
-repudiated confederate debts
-penalized states that denied voting rights to any eligible male citizen -
-18th president of the U.S.
-general for Union during Civil War
-known for being an aggressive and determined strategist -
-executives of Union Pacific Railroad created fake construction company
-overcharged government for building transcontinental railroad
-bribed members of congress with discounted/free stock -
-reform minded republicans split from main Republican Party
-nominated Horace Greeley for president
-civil service reform
-ended government subsidies to railroads
-withdrawing federal troops from the South
-lowering tariffs, free trade -
-goal to remove most remaining restrictions on former confederates
-allowed ex confederates to vote, hold public office
-strengthening redeemer political power in the South -
-severe economic depression, lasted several years
-caused by overspeculation, risky investments, overbuilding
-led to failure of major banks and businesses
-left thousands of northern laborers unemployed/homeless
-debtors wanted government to issue greenbacks to increase money supply
-Grant refused, choosing instead to maintain gold standard, limited inflation
-worsened depression for many workers, farmers -
-guaranteed African Americans equal access to public accomodations
-prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection
-enforcement weakened over time -
-group of federal revenue agents conspired with distillers to cheat government out of millions in whiskey taxes
-Grant damaged his reputation -
-federal troops had been withdrawn from every Southern state except South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana
-republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes
-democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden
-Tilden won popular vote and had 184 electoral votes
-congress created special electoral commission to determine who would receive the disputed votes
-commission voted 8-7 along party lines to give all disputed electoral votes to Hayes, making him the winner -
-democrats agreed to accept Hayes as president only if republicans agreed to: immediately end federal military support for republican governments in the remaining southern states, support construction of a southern transcontinental railroad
-remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the south
-reconstruction effectively ended
-southern democrats regained full control
-led to rise of segregation, black codes, later Jim Crow laws