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1202
Fibonacci publishes "Liber Abaci"
This book introduced Europe to new math concepts from India and the Middle east. It also had new ideas which helped solve economic problems. -
1380
Mongols are driven away of Muscovy
On the year of 1380, after the Mongol Empire collapsed, the leaders of Muscovy sick of paying tributes to the empire finally drove the Mongols away. Even so for some time, Mongol armies would continue to raid the lands. -
1453
Ottoman Empire conquers Constantinople
Ottoman forces took the city of Constantinople, their sultan Mehmet wanted the city as their capital. This gave start to centuries of gaining land and power along with wars for the Ottoman Empire. -
1455
Gutenberg prints 180 Bibles
In 1455 Gutenberg printed 180 bibles with the type used identical to a scrib's handwriting to make it more welcoming to readers. It was because of the success of the printed bibles that the printing press expanded. -
1492
Columbus arrives to the New World
In 1492, Columbus arrived for the first time to the New World, this gave birth to what later would be called Columbus Exchange. This is all the things such as plants, animals, diseases, people, etc that went from the Old World to the New World and vise-versa. -
1526
Slave trading Across the Atlantic
Around 1526, slave trading from Africa to the Americas began, shortly after the arrival of of the Spanish and Portuguese to the New World. It would become the largest and most violent system of slavery seen in history. -
1535
The Spanish Crown claimed the Caribbean Islands under their jurisdiction
Aiming to expand their territory, gain riches, and share their religion, in 1535, the Crown of Spain established the viceroyalty of New Spain on the Caribbean Islands. -
1543
Copernicus Heliocentric Solar System
Nicolaus Copernicus, in 1543, published his heliocentric Solar system which centered the Sun, with Earth and other planets moving around it. For years it was not accepted although it inspired other astronomers to continue to base of his work and prove the sun was the center of our galaxy. -
The start of the Romanovs Empire
After years, Russia would be again unified under the rule of Romanov who was chosen to become czar. His rule and descendants' rule would prosper and expand till 1917. -
King Charles execution, End of 2nd English Civil War
After the failed agreement with the Scots, known as the Engagement, King Charles was found guilty of betrayal and beheaded on January 30, 1649, this gave end to the Second English Civil war. Armies sailed for Ireland to eliminate resistance and eventually Charles II escaped to France where he remained in exile. -
Code Noir
In1685, during the Transatlantic Slave Trade, France implemented the Code Noir to defined the conditions of slavery and freedom in French colonies. This code would define and decide the lives of countless slaves. -
Rational mechanics into math and astronomy.
"Rational mechanics" were introduced to math and astronomy by Newton in 1687, this prompted Enlightenment thinkers into believing that a “natural law” could be found on all aspects of the world but not religion. -
Start of The 7 Years War
May of 1756 was the start of The 7 Years War, a conflict between France and Austria against England and Prussia, conflict that would rage conflict across Europe. Eventually England and Prussia won but the heavy toll of the war prompted greater taxes. -
The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was a direct taxing on English American Colonialists paid directly to the government rather than being included in the price of goods. Many people were affected by this, and the colonialists claimed the Parliament could not tax them because the colonies did not have representatives in it; this conflict eventually evolved into violence and was a spark for the American Revolution. -
The storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, an angry mob stormed into the Bastille in order to steal weapons in defense of the National Assembly, it ended in blood and various casualties. It also released a wave of violence throughout France called the Great Fear that evolved into extreme violence and was the first strike of the Revolution. -
End of The Reign of Terror
Lasting from September of 1793 to the summer of 1794, the Reign of Terror took the lives of 18,000 to 40,000 people. Thousands of the deaths were by guillotine and many lights of the Revolution were executed. -
Haiti is Declared an Independant State
On 1804, after the long fight since 1791, Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the revolutionaries at the Battle of Vertieres on 1803 where the French forces were defeated. The next year, Dessalines declared the nation independent and renamed it Haiti becoming the first black republic in the world. -
Independence of Mexico
Iturbide and Guerrero, the last guerrilla leader, made peace and signed the pact Plan de Iguala that proclaimed Mexico independent in 1821, after a revolution in Spain put a new group in power in 1820. -
Independence of Brazil
In 1822, by the time Napoleon was defeated, the people of Brazil wanted their independence. Creoles asked Portugal’s king son to rule an independent Brazil and he agreed, Brazil became free through a bloodless revolt. -
Independence for former Spanish Colonies
After Jose de San Martin helped win independence for Argentina in 1816 and Chile in 1818, while Simon Bolivar won independence for Venezuela in 1821, Bolivar led their combined armies to a great victory in 1824 that gave independence to all the former Spanish colonies. -
Egypt Independent
1831, After the British pushed the French out of Egypt, Egypt was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire. But Muhammad Ali, the ruler, made it an independent state was an independent ruler of a stronger, more modern Egypt. -
European confiscated land from tribes in New Zealand
In 1840, European started confiscating land from the Māori tribes with the goal of extracting as much timber as
possible from the forests. This act had vast consequences in the long run, New Zealand’s forest cover dwindled which resulted in the extinction of dozens of endemic bird species. -
End of the resistance in Algeria against the French
On December 23 of 1843, after a lasting resistance to being ruled by the French, Abd el Kader, the Algerian political leader, surrendered and the French were victorious astering their rule in the colony. However, hostilities didn't end there. -
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx along with Friedrich Engels, wrote rote the Manifesto of the Communist Party, it outlined modern socialism and how an eventual revolution would lead to the working classes would seize power and create a classless society. This manifesto would eventually inspire the russian revolution and the establishment of the communist government. -
America forces Japan into Trade
For two centuries, Japan kept its national economy
mostly closed off to foreign trade, but that changed when four modern American warships sailed into Tokyo Bay. hopping to force Japan to change its trading approach allowing American goods to be sold there. -
The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
A young girl named Nongqawuse claimed to have received a divine message from the spirits of Xhosa ancestors, promising that if they killed their cattle and destroyed their crops the ancestors would rise, new cattle would emerge from the ground, and the British colonizers would be expelled. It failed in its intended goals, and left the Xhosa people in a dire situation. -
Sepoy Rebellion (India)
In May 1857, Indian soldiers (sepoys) after the rumors that new bullet cartridges were being greased with animal fat from pigs and cows and Indian soldiers who refused to bit it were sent to prision, that was it. Sepoys rose up to free their comrades, marching and rebelling. It took to years for the British to crush the rebellion and after that, in1858, the East India Company no longer governed India, but British Empire took India as an official colony instead. -
End of Opium Wars
From 1839 to 1860, The Chinese Qing Emperor fought against the British and French to stop the opium trade which was economically affecting China and making his people fall to addiction. It ended on the devastating defeat of China, having lost Hong Kong, a lot of money and having to open more ports for the British. -
Opening of the Suez Canal, Egypt
the Suez Canal cut the trip from Europe to the Indian Ocean, which around Africa was 12,000 miles, in half reshaping global networks and becoming a political and economic target. The canal was owned by a private company owned by French investors and Egyptian leaders, the question of who held power over the canal was a topic of conflict. -
The Mokrani Revolt or Kabyle Revolt of 1871
French colonization of Algeria in the 1830s led to a policy that forced French customs and language on the Algerian people, this disrupted traditional Kabyle societal structures. But the final drop on the glass was when the French
decided to confiscate tribal lands for the construction of military outposts. Even after the revolt was stumped out, resistance persisted among the Kabyle population. -
Established Yellowstone National Park
John Muir, an immigrant from Scotland, help spark the American environmental movement, he traveled east to promote it and in 1872 Yellowstone National Park was the first national park. This would eventually lead to the creation of the National Park Service in 1916. -
Mexico's Porfiriato / Dias' presidential period
Porfirio Dias became Mexico's president in 1876 and would remain in power until 1911 when he was forced into exile during the Mexican revolution. During his presidential Diaz opened the country to foreign businesses, and although he did improve the economy, only the rich, middle class, and foreign businessmen benefited while peasants and natives lived poorly. -
Start of the "New Imperialism"
Empires had stoped expanding before 1880 but because of the industralization and need of international markets along with raw materials, old and new empires suddenly started to rapidly expand. -
Ethiopia defeats Italy stopping their colonization attempt in their land
After some failed attempts to trick Emperor Menelik II and divide Ethiopia in order to settle a colony Italy launched an attack on Ethiopia. Menelik and Empress Taytu mobilized the entire nation bringing together an army. on March 1, 1896, the two armies met at Adwa ending with the defeat of the Italians. -
The Asante Empire falls to the British
In 1900, four years after the British arrested Asante's king and exiled him, they decided to take Asante's independance completly and demanded they turn over he symbol of Asante Kingship. Yaa Asantewaa refused and in a last attempt he lead and army against the British which ended in her exile and the submission of Asante. -
Maji Maji Rebellion
From 1905–1907, the rebellion was an armed struggle against German colonial rule in German East Africa. Considered one of the most important rebellions in Africa, even though it was unsuccessful, because of its unprecedented scale and because of the ability of its leaders to bring dispersed people together. -
“Bloody Sunday.”
In the capital of Petrograd, Russians staged protests of Tsar Nicholas II because he refused to withdraw from a war with Japan, this protest were repelled by force killing hundreds of protesters. This would later fuel reason for the revolution. -
Start of the Mexican revolution
In 1910, Diaz ran for re-election and Francisco Madero denounced Diaz’s government and launched the AntiRe-electionist Party. After been thrown in prison and escaping, Madero issued a call for revolution, set the date for November 20, 1910. Even after Dias was exiled the revolution would continue and Madero was executed on February 1913, this would become a long bloody war with terrible loss. -
End of the Qing Dynasty in China
In 1912 after a rebellion that began the previous year, the final emperor of China was forced to step down, ending the 2000-year reign of emperors in China. The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese Revolution) resulted in the formation of a republic -
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Start of WWI
On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, this led to Austria-Hungary declaring war to Serbia. This event would lead to most powers joining the war. This date is perceived as the start of WWI or the first Great War, this war would have disastrous consequences and millions of losses. -
The Russian Revolution
In March 1917 Factory workers and women protested in Petrograd and called for the tsar to step down giving the start of the Revolution. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks took control of Petrograd and in March 1918, they signed a treaty ending Russia’s involvement in World War I. Even after they were out of the global war Russia would stay in a civil war. -
Treaty of Versailles – End of WWI
In 1918, the Central Powers surrendered but the war didn’t officially end till 1919with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty tore the Austro-Hungarian Empire into smaller states and punished Germany harshly, outside of Europe the war had major effects specifically for the Ottoman Empire. This treaty helped set the stage for WWII. -
End of the Mexican Revolution / Election of President Obregón
After 10 years of fighting and revolutionary disagreements between Conventionistas (economic and social reforms) and Constitutionalistas (create a liberal democracy), the election of President Álvaro Obregón in 1920 marked the end of the war. Even though, the social and economic changes promised by the 1917 constitution would not be introduced till 1934. It caused the deaths of over a million people and brought great changes to Mexico, but a lot stayed the same. -
End of the Russian Revolution - Formation of the U.S.S.R
Russia's civil war lasted until 1921, when he Bolsheviks
were victorious over the Provisional Committee and other political parties stablishing a communist government, resulting in the first communist nation-state in the world. In 1922 it became the Soviet Union. -
Mussolini becomes Prime Minister of Italy
In 1922, Mussolini’s “Blackshirt” Fascist groups take control of Northern parts of Italy and staged a “March on Rome”. The king hopping to avoid conflict agreed to make Mussolini Prime Minister for a year, unknowingly condemning Italy to 21 years of a fascist era. -
The Great Depression
Oct 24, 1929 – NY stock market crashed, the economy crash of US spread around the world because European markets depended on US ones and from there to the rest of the world, almost every nation was affected. During this period of crisis dictators would use the suffering of the people to rise into power. This period would not end till the start of WWII. -
Indian National Congress first flag
In 1931, the Indian National Congress created its first flag featuring a spinning wheel to honor India’s proud industrial past. It was a part of the struggle against the British rule. -
Hitler size’s power in Germany
After a failed attempt in 1923, Hitler and his Nazi party manage to size power in Germany. Hitler began ‘cleansing’ the nation of ‘unfit’ people and placing fault on minorities. He established a totalitarian dictatorship in Germany and his actions would eventually lead to WWII. -
Nuremberg Laws
In 1935 the Nazi passed the Nuremberg Laws, with this law Jews and Roma lost their German citizenship, and laws prohibited Jewish and German interactions such as dating. This would intensify the racism as even before this, children were taught these racist ideas in school about the ‘Aryan’ race ‘superiority’, and lead to the violence and laws that ended so many lives on the Holocaust. -
Kristallnacht
Anti-Jewish Germans rioted and destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, and religious buildings. Around 30,000 Jewish males were sent to concentration camps. This day was named Kristallnacht, which means the night of broken glass, and after it Jews were striped from more rights like going to public places like parks and schools. The Nazi state was planned to imprison Jews, sending them away, or worse. -
Start of WWII / Invasion of Poland
Russia and Germany invade Poland, this action provoked France and Britain, who had been reluctant to confront the axis powers, to declare war to Germany as they had alliances with Poland. This officially started the conflict that had been brewing for some time and would become the deadliest war of all history with immense destruction and loss, many nations from all around the world would be pull into this conflict. -
Hitler approves the ‘Final solution’.
The approval of the ‘final solution’ to the ‘Jewish question’ lead to the creation of the extermination camps made to kill the Jews. Some Jews were chosen for hard labor and some who survived it were later killed, others were immediately killed. This genocide continued for two years and by the end of the war over 3 million people were killed at extermination camps. -
Battle of Kohima and Imphal, India WWII
After Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist who split with Gandhi’s nonviolent campaign, stablished the Azad Hind in his exile in 1943, his army the INA and the Japanese military attempted an invasion on India in March 1944. Bose aimed to free India but faced a stiff resistance, mostly from Indian forces and some African. This was one of the most devastating defeats for Japanese ground forces and helped spur nationalist movements in India and Africa. -
Communist Party of China (CCP) Leader Mao declares The People’s Republic of China (PRC)
After years of Civil war, 1927-1937 and 1946–1949 with only WW2 in alliance, between GMD (Nationalist party) and the CCP wrestling for power over the country, the CCP emerged victorious in 1949. Mao Zedong declared a new socialist nation: The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Nationalists retreated to the island of Taiwan establishing the Republic of China (ROC). Both claim to be the legal rulers of China which has created tensions among them. -
Iran’s try at nationalizing their Oil
In 1953 Mohammed Mossadegh, Iran’s prime minister tried to nationalize Iran’s oil. US sided with the British and Anglo-Iranian Oil and set up a navy blockade prevented Iran from selling its oil. Later when Mossadegh didn’t back down British and American intelligence agencies removed him from power. This was an attempt at maintaining Western control of oil and left Iran suspicious of foreign, especially American, involvement since. -
Suez Crisis
Even after Egypt’s Independence in 1922, the Suez Canal Company still owned the Suez Canal making Egypt and other countries dependent of other European nations, the tensions resulted in the Suez Crisis. In 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, in response Britain, France, and Israel invaded, the US and Soviet Union got involved and forced Britain and France to back down. -
Great Leap Forward - China
An attempt to transform China into a more modern and industrialized country, government-lead campaigned to industrialized countryside, famers forced to leave the fields and worked to make homemade steal in “Backyard Furnaces”. Failure, it led to terrible consequences of food shortages in China causing famines, while it did advances in education and industry it came at a great human cost. -
Cuban revolutionaries under Castro’s leadership victorious
After a previous attempt to topple Batista’s gov on Cuba in 1953, Fidel Castro returned to Cuba in 1956 to lead the revolution, after 2 years they were successful. He installed new reforms like nationalize foreign companies and many wealthy and middle-class Cubans left the country. US fearing communism in Cuba placed sanctions and Castro turned to the Soviets for aid, this would eventually lead to rising tensions and the known Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. -
Creation of the (OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, and Kuwait formed the OPEC with the goal to nationalize their countries oil, as more nations gained independence the OPEC expanded and by 1970s members controlled ½ of the world’s oil. This organization relied on unity and was a success that shifted power from the western govs. 1979 this unity ended and in 1980 Iraq invaded Iran, eventually power shifted back towards Western govs. -
The Algerian War: Algeria’s Independence
In 1962 Algeria declared its independence after 132 years under French occupation, the conflict was a violent and bloody one where acts of terrible violence were returned with worst ones. In the end through the Evian agreements ended the war, the transfer of power was on July 3 but the official celebration is on July 5, the same day Algiers had surrendered to the French a 132 years prior. -
The Cultural Revolution - China
Mao announced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to remake Chinese society, a social movement to wipe capitalist practices and old traditions. “Red Guards” militarized group of mostly teens, goal to destroy the “Four Olds”, they had a lot of power and authorities little control over them, teachers, community leaders, and elders accused of being enemies and humiliated/harmed, schools closed and industries halted. Even the CCP called the this “a great catastrophe.” -
Buddhist Uprising
During 1966 in Vietnam, there was a tension between the North and South of the country that erupted when there was an interfereance on the selection of leadership. Buddhists who felt their faith was offended acted in civil disobedeance. -
Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan
In 1978, the communist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) overthrew Daoud Khan but their regime was unstable and faced fierce resistance and in 1979, an internal PDPA coup by revolutionary Hafizullah Amin killed the party’s first leader. Fearing the country might turn to the US for help the USSR invaded the country while rebels with the support of the US and other countries fought back triggering a brutal nine-year civil war. -
Mikhail Gorbachev leader of the USSR
By the time Gorbachev became the USSR leader, the nation was facing big economic and social challenges. He proposed changes: glasnost and perestroika, programs of openness and restructuring, it gave people freedom to protest eventually aiding to the USSR dissolution. -
1989 Revolutions (Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia)
During this year following a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements resulted in the collapse of various Marxist-Leninist gov in Eastern Europe. Poland and Hungary peacefully in June and in November the non-violent transition of power in Czechoslovakia, leading to the collapse of the USSR two years later. -
Fall of The Berlin Wall
During this Peaceful Revolution the wall that separated Berlin, figuratively separating East and West Germany, and metaphorically representing the Iron Curtain, was opened, within a year the country reunited. This caused a domino effect, prompting others in Eastern European countries to protest against their pro-Soviet governments. -
Iraq invades Kuwait
In 1990, low oil price was taking a toll on Iraq’s economy, the Saddam Hussein blamed fellow OPEC member Kuwait as Kuwait and several other Gulf states were producing more oil than OPEC had agreed on and downed the prices. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and the US interfered leading a counter invasion that drove Iraqi army from Kuwait; US and their allies then Invaded Iraq. This showed that even though the OPEC remained its members were no longer united. -
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
After the failed August coup to take him out of tower, Gorbachev resigned leaving Yeltsin as president of the now Russian Federation, that evening the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time replaced by the Russian tricolor flag. The next day the USSR was officially dissolved resulting in its 15 republics gaining independence and the end of the cold war. -
End of Apartheid
Apartheid was a system of oppression and racism in South Africa, it divided the people in races and completely separated them from each other, oppressing the black population. After a hard struggle and the eventual support of the world, in 1990 Nelson Mandela, one of the anti-apartheid movement leaders, was rereleased from prison and in four years he became president ending apartheid. Still the damage was done and to this day the country remains mostly divided.