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Interest was renewed in learning, science, and the advancement of the arts. Expanded trade and an awareness of the world, beyond Europe. This Produced wealth for the nations of Europe, that would bring power to fuel more expeditions.
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Began by the collapse of the Roman Empire, the absence of an effiicient government, the constant threat of famine, disease and foriegn invasion. Population was recovering from the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) that killed a third of Europeans in the 1340's. Western Europe was divided into a number of warring kingdoms, the main ones were Castile, Portugal, France, and England. Each was ruled by a Monarch who used the Elite class to do much of the governing.
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Humans were used as items of trade along with gold, salt, ivory and other valuable resources. West African rulers sold about 1,000 slaves anually to Arab traders. Slave trade was an important part of the West African economy. In general African slavery is different the American slavery.
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Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand gave him 3 ships, 90 men, and funded most of his voyage. He was to go west in search of China.After 33 days, he reached whst is now called the Bahamas. When he went south he found a set of islands that belonged to the East Indies. He referred to them as Indians, and they are still called so today.
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New England colonies prosecuted suspected witches. When cattle and chldren became sick and died, evil magic was the suspected cause. "witches" were idneified, prosecuted, and neutralized. Supposed victims of his magic blamed their neighbors who seemed to bear them ill will. Massachusetts in 1692, 19 suspected witches were executed. when acusations reached members of prominent families, including the governer's wife, the judge dropped all further trials.
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Invention of the seed drill by Jethro Tull in 1701. His mechanical seed drill enabled seeds to be evenly distributed more efficiently over a field. It involved a horse-drawn wheeled device that consisted of rotating drills and runners that would plant seeds at a depth. There was a wheel driven ratchet that sprayed the seed out over the ground.
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During a storm, Benjamin Franklin flies a kite and sees the first glimpse of electricity. This effected teachers and students because it forever changed their view on the world they once knew. It opened possibilities that they never could have imagined before.
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Law that said all commerical products must have a stamp. Contributed to the American war, as the British thought they oppose new laws and taxation on the Colonist.
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Colonists threw snowballs and rocks at British soldiers guarding the Customs House. Soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5 colonists.
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Colonists were boycotting tea, which was worsening financial problems for the British East India Company. Parliament passed a law that the company could sell directly to the colonists, making the tea cheaper than smuggled tea even with the tax. Colonist protested instead of buying the cheaper tea, that the British was trying to trick them into paying the tax. The wealthy colonists who smuggled tea would also be hurt by this act.
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Boston Patriots went aboard 3 British ships laden with tea and dumped the tea into the harbor while dressed like Indians.
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William Howe ordered the british soldiers to do a frontal assult. Carrying heavy packs and wearing red uniforms, they marched uphill, where many of them died. 2 charges resulted in bloodbath. The third only worked because the Patriots ran out of ammunition.
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Troops were sent to arrest Hancock and Adams in Lexington, and seize Patriot weapons stockpiled in Concord. Men road through the countryside, warning of the approaching British. Local Patriots wanted to drive troops back to Boston. Patriots fighting were the milita, fulltime farmers, parttime soldiers. 70 patriots gathere on Lexington Green. When shots ended 8 patriots were dead. 200 British soldiers were killed or wounded.
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few legal or political rights were gained by women as a result of the war, but were respected based on a new conception or women as "republican mothers" Abigail Adams wrote her husband a famous letter to "remember the ladies" to legally protect wives beaten by their husbands. Adams respected his wife but denied her request. Widows could vote in New Jersey but nowhere else. Wives could not own property or make contracts.
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Was drafted/written by Thomas Jefferson, the idea of the declaration of independence came from Thomas Paine tp denounce the kind as a tyrant who made American independence necessary. "All men are created equal." This is the Idea that all men are born with nartural rights that cannot be taken away by the government. "unalienable rights"
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The leader was John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Congress designed a loose confederation of 13 states, rather than a centralized nation. Reflected principles of the Declaration of Independence. Article 2 reads "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right,which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled."
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Washington marched south, planning to trap Cornwalls army at Yorktown, Virginia. Washington needed a French Fleet to arrive at just the right moment to prevent the British army to evacuating to the sea. The French appeared at the right time, blocking the mouth to Chesapeake Bay, trapping British Navy. Cornwall was trapped by land and sea. Cornwall surrendered his army of 8,000 at Yorktown, October 19
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The invention of the plough was revolutionary because like the seed drill, it cut labor time in half therefore increasing production of goods
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Citizens would enjoy freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the rights of common law, including Habeas corpus. Once a territory 5,000men they could establish an elected assembly, governer retained absolute veto over its laws. when population reached 60,000 people could request admission to the Union as a state on equal terms with the original 13 states. Northwest territory formed Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, wisconsin, and part of Minnesota (Midwestern States)
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1789-1799) A social and political upheval in French History, it brought an end to absolutism. Beliefs in a hierachy changed with the Enlightenment into beliefs of citizenship and inalienable rights. The result was the replacement of the government with a radical democratic republic.
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In1802, started a powder mill on Brandywine Creek in southern Pennsylvania; within ten years it became the largest industrial business in the nation.
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The Lousiana territory was purchased from France for $15 millon.This was about 3 cents per acre for 512 million acres.
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In 1808 John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company created the first American monopoly on fur trade in the U.S. territories
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June 1, 1812: President James Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war against Britain. The causes of the War of 1812 were varied, and included impressment of American sailors.
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The Royal Navy landed troops from the British Army in Maryland in August 1814. After scattering the local militia at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British troops marched on to the city of Washington. Facing virtually no resistance, they burned the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings in a humiliating episode for the United States.
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1816 became known as "The Year Without a Summer" as volcanic ash from the Mt. Tambora volcanic eruption caused lower temperatures throughout the world.
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Hieroglyphs were deciphered using the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta stone today is used at a tool to help a person learn a new language.
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Charles Babbage designed the “difference engine,” an early computing machine
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January 30, 1826: The Menai Suspension Bridge opened in Wales, ushering in an age of great bridges.
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May 30, 1830: The Indian Removal Act was signed into law in the United States
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February 1836: Samuel Colt patented the revolver.
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Late 1838: The Cherokee Tribe was forcibly moved westward in what became known as the Trail of Tears.
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May 1, 1840: The first postage stamps, Britain’s “Penny Black,” were issued.
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May 24, 1844: The first telegram was sent from the U.S. Capitol to Baltimore. Samuel F.B. Morse wrotes, “What hath God wrought.”
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March 4, 1845: James Knox Polk was inaugurated as President of the United States.
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January 1850: The Compromise of 1850 is introduced in the US Congress. The legislation would eventually pass and be highly controversial, but it essentially delayed the Civil War by a decade.
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November: The violence over slavery that will become known as “Bleeding Kansas” begins in the US territory of Kansas.
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January: The Panama Railroad opens, and the first locomotive to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific travels on it.
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May 22: Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts is attacked and beaten with a cane in the US Senate chamber by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina.
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July 1-3, 1863: The epic Battle of Gettysburg is fought in Pennsylvania.
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April 14, 1865: President Abraham Lincoln is shot at Ford's Theatre and dies the next morning.
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May 30, 1868: The first Decoration Day is observed in the United States. The graves of Civil War veterans are decorated with flowers at Arlington National Cemetery and other cemeteries.
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February 3, 1870: The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which gave the right to vote to black males, became law when the required number of states ratified it.
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March 1, 1872: Yellowstone National Park was established as the first National Park in the United States.
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March 10, 1876: Alexander Graham Bell made the first successful telephone call, saying, "Watson, come here, I need you."
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December 1880, electric christmas lights invented. These were created by an employee of ThomasnEdison called Edward Johnson.
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may 21, 1883, American Red cross was incorprated by Clara Barton.
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may 24, 1883. The Brooklyn Bridge was opened with celebration after over a decade of construction.
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May 4, 1886, The Haymarket riot in Chicago took place when a bomb was thrown into a mass meeting called to show suport fir striking workers.
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october 28, 1886 the statue of Liberty was deticated in New york Harbor, It was a gift from France
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The Sherman Anti-Trust Act became law in the United states.
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february 1893, Thomas Edison finished building his first motion picture studio
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may 1893, decline in New York stock market triggered Panic of 1893 that led to an economic depression, 2nd only to the Great Depression
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july 1897, Klondike gold rush began in Alaska
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may 1, 1898, First Modern Olympic games are held in Athens, Greece. The idea was by Pierre de Coubertin.
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U.S. Passes the Chinese Exclusion Act
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In 1901, New york licence plates were made by individual owners (with their initials) not state issued plates. in 1903, Massachusetts was the first state to licence plates by the state.
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Kellogg starts seling corn flakes
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First Electric Washing Machine
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Mary Mallon worked as a domestic cook. A man came an told her she carried typhoid and that numerous people have gotten sick and died because of that. Not believing it, she fought of health inspecters until they had to force her to a hospital. Test proved she was a healthy carrier of typhoid, and she was banished to an isolated cottage, North Brother Island, (part of the Riverside hospital)
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Boy Scouts Established in U.S.
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The Titanic Sinks
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First Traffic Light
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First Self-Service Grocery Store Opens in U.S.
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Daylight Saving Time Introduced
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women givin right to vote due to the 19th amendment. Also known as Susan B anthony amendment in recognition to her importance in the campain to womens right to vote
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Time magazine published for first time
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First appearance of MIckey and Minnie Mouse on film occurs with the release of the animated short film "plane crazy"
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Amelia Earhart first women to fly the atlantic ocean
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Congress approves contruction of the "Boulder" later named the Hoover Dam
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American Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff Arizona. also one of the few serious astronomers to claim sight of a UFO
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Nevada legalizes gambling
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The Reconstruction Finance corporation is established to stimulate banking and business. unemployment in 1932 reached 12 million workers
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Willaim Henry Hastie appointed to the federal bench , becoming the first African american federal judge
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Naval explansion act passed
