-
1492
"Columbus discovered America "
credited with “discovering America
the first contact with north america and native americans -
1519
Hernando Cortez
caimed new colonies for spain
-conquered the Aztec Empire -
1532
Francisco Pizarro
claimed new colonies for spain
-conquered the inca empire in peru -
1539
Hernano de soto
Assisted pizarro with the conquest of the inca
-first to discover and cross mississippi river -
Period: 1565 to
Spanish settlements
Land divided into states called encomium's
harsh forced labor system in which native Americans farmed ,ranched or mined -
Sir Walter Raleigh
He helped establish a colony near Roanoke Island (present-day North Carolina), which he named Virginia. Accused of treason by King James I, Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned and eventually put to death. -
Virginia Dare
First baby born in America to English parents , granddaughter of John White -
Jamestown, Virginia
First successful English settlement
1607 founded by the Virginia company
primary settled to make money -
France Samuel de Champlain *Dutch West India Company
only catholic allowed in the new territory expt for French protestants
became fur traders
allowed decisions made by the moch of France -
Dutch Republic Peter Minuit
offered huge land tracts called patroonships
obtained by bringing 50 tenants to the colony
few restrictions who could settle in the new Amsterdam. kept settlerters from begin attive to the area -
Salem Witch Trials
An outbreak of witchcraft accusations in Puritan Massachusetts marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, stress, trials and executions -
Roger Williams
Believed in religious freedom separation of church and state and fair treatment of the native Americans
considered a separatist that had banished from Massachusetts and established Rhode island -
Anne Hutchinson
Held private prayer meetings and challenged to authority of the puritans -
Navigation Acts
required the colonies to sell certain goods only to england or pay tax to sell it to other countries they were limited in what countries they could sell their goods to which limit the government -
Period: to
King Philip's War
King Philip's War was between Indian inhabitants of the New England region of North America versus New England colonists and their Indian allies. -
Baron de Montesquieu
French philosopher
Advocated a separation of powers and three branches of government with checks and balances -
John Locke
Believed that people were born with certain “natural rights” that no government could take away -
John Peter Zenger
Won a court case in which he claimed he could not be sued for printing the truth in his newspaper
Helped affirm “freedom of the press” -
Albany Plan of Union
A plan was proposed by Benjamin Franklin that encouraged colonists to create a permanent union under one representative government
Franklin inspired by the Iroquois League -
Period: to
French and Indian war
Native American & french vs British
Causes? fighting french settlers and native Americans over land ll
land 1754-1763 -
Writs of Assistance
Allowed British authorities to search whatever they wanted and for whatever reason
The property could be searched for no reason -
Proclamation of 1763
After french and Indian war the king George issues proclamation to organize new territory, cut off any expansion to the west. -
Sugar Act
Previous tax on sugar and molasses was not begin paid colonist smuggled to avoid paying taxes
George Grenville of parliament reduced the tax but increased enforcement hoping to be able to collect it
there came at time of economic depression in colonies -
Quartering Act
Parliament required colonist to provide living quarters (housing to British soldiers in the colonist) -
Stamp Act
printed materials must be printed on stamped paper
the effects were colonist cried “no taxation without representation”
protested by the sons of the liberty(Ben Franklin Sam Adams ,Paul revere) with violence and intimidation -
Declaratory Act
An act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act. -
Townshend Act
This act placed new taxes and took away some freedoms from the colonists including the following: New taxes on imports of paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea. -
Boston Massacre
Troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons. -
Tea Act
Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The principal objective was to reduce the massive amount of tea. Boston Tea Party colonist threw tea in the Boston harbor because of a unfair tax. -
The Boston Tea Party
Colonists dressed as Native Americans and marched to Boston Harbor.
They raided ships hauling British tea and threw the crates overboard.
In response to the Townshend Acts -
Intolerable/ Coercive Acts
Passed by parliament in response to Boston tea party
closed Boston harbor
placed a military governor in Massachusetts Effect-
colonist in Boston Massachusetts could not export goods or import goods -
Lexington and Concord
British General Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had stored in the town of Concord, just outside of Boston. -
Battle of Bunker Hill
The British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts.
Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost -
The Declaration of Independence
purpose::Listed all of the colonists grievances against the Crown; explained why they were declaring independence
Significance: Proclaimed the United States of America was forevermore a free nation -
Battle of Brooklyn Heights
Howe's large army landed on Long Island, hoping to capture New York City and gain control of the Hudson River, a victory that would divide the rebellious colonies in half. -
Thomas Paine – Common Sense
Thomas Paine published his famous pamphlet, Common Sense Argued that the colonies should declare independence from Great Britain -
Battle of Trenton
Took place near Trenton, New Jersey.
The battle was fought between the Americans against the Hessians and British troops after the Americans lost the battle in New York and were forced to retreat through New Jersey. -
Articles of Confederation:
Drafted by congress
1st plan of government in america
several problems with this document -
Battle of Brandywine
The British defeated the Americans and forced them to withdraw toward the rebel capital of Philadelphia. -
Battle of Camden
British forces under General Charles Cornwallis routed American troops under General Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden in South Carolina. -
Battle of Cowpens
American troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan routed British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton. -
Period: to
Battle of Yorktown
A decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army led by General George Washington and French army troops over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Cornwallis. -
End of the American Revolution
Americans won the war
War was officially ended with the Treaty of Paris -
Treaty of Paris
Great Britain acknowledged the US as a free nation. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
Congress sold land to make money
divided into 36-square mile units with 16 set units for schools. -
Treaty of Greenville
Native Americans - resisting westward expansion - fighting ensued - both sides won battles, Native Americans eventually lost to white settlers
Treaty of Greenville - tribes lost the southern 2/3 of what is now Ohio and the Ohio River as a boundary between white settlers and Native American tribes -
Period: to
Shays Rebellion
Rebellion against heavy taxes and war debt
this event made the nation realize a stronger national government was needed
shay just keeped getting stronger and stronger to rebell -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
The Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory.
At 5000 settlers you could send a non voting representative to congress
60000 the territory could apply for statehood
outlawed slavery in the area. -
The United States Constitution
Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation but decided to create a new constitution
A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. -
Virginia Plan
Large State Plan”
Representatives from each state determined by population
2 Houses
3 Branches of Government – legislative, executive, judicial -
Three Fifths Compromise
Northern states did not want to count slaves as part of the population
Compromise each slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population purposes to determine representatives in the House of Representatives -
Federalists
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
Wealthy group
Supported a strong national government
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
Wrote the Federalist Papers
Series of papers written in support of ratifying the Constitution -
Constitutional Convention
A meeting held in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution for the United States of America. This is the document we currently call "The Constitution". -
New jersey plan
"Small State Plan”
2 Representatives from each state, based on equal representation
1 House
3 Branches of Government – legislative, executive, judicial -
The Great Compromise
Also known as the Connecticut Plan
Combined elements of both the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan
2 Houses created: House of Representatives and Senate
House of Reps: Representatives based on population
Senate: 2 per state
3 Branches of government: Legislative, Executive, Judicial -
Ratification of the Constitution
Disagreement over ratification of the Constitution
“Approval”
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists -
George Washington
First President of the United States
Revolutionary War Hero
His job was to organize an entirely new government
“Try out the Constitution” -
Judiciary Act
The federal law remained the “Supreme Law of the Land”
No details for a court system in the Constitution -
Textile Mills
First textile mills in America were opened by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in -
Proclamation of Neutrality
President Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality during his presidency in response to the conflict between Great Britain and France
Both sides tried to draw the US into an alliance
Washington felt that the nation could not afford to fight with either side -
Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin
Cotton gin- 1793 - cleaned the seeds out of cotton
Sped up the cleaning of seeds
Revolutionized the cotton crop
Demand for cotton from Great Britain for textile manufacturing -
Jay’s Treaty Great Britain
Chief Justice John Jay went to Britain and returned with a treaty
British agreed to stop impressing US sailors and to evacuate the NW
Get the British out of the west -
Pinckney’s Treaty
Spain afraid of alliance between Great Britain and the US
Spain barred the US from the lower part of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans -
Amendments 11-27
Amendments added to the Constitution between 1795 and 1992 to protect the rights of citizens in the United States -
Washington’s Farewell Address
After serving two terms as president, Washington left office. Before he left he issued two key points in his Farewell Address
Neutrality also Warned of the dangers of forming political parties; -
Election of 1796
Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) v. John Adams (Federalist)
John Adams elected as the 2nd president
his political rival, becomes Vice President -
Abigail Adams
wife of president John Adams, fought to have leaders “remember the ladies”
Forerunner in the movement to grant suffrage to women -
Twelfth Amendment
As a result of the Elections of 1796 and 1800, in which votes were cast for all candidates, including running mates for Vice President, the Electoral College was required to cast separate ballots for President and Vice President -
XYZ Affair
US sent 3 diplomats (XYZ) to improve relations with France
France would not see the diplomats until a bribe and a loan from the US was received
Ruined US-French relations -
Alien Acts
Federalists feared the government would be overthrown by new immigrants coming into the country - primarily French and Irish refugees who supported France -
Sedition Acts
Democratic Republicans publicly opposed Federalist policies
Set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or anyone who spoke out against the government -
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Democratic Republican’s response to the Alien and Sedition Acts
Nullification
Drew up resolutions approved by Virginia and Kentucky -
Convention of 1800
Meeting between United States and France over the Quasi-Wars - conflict in the Caribbean over shipping and trade
Hostility between US and France following the XYZ Affair
Convention of 1800 resolved the conflict between US and France - delicate balance with no alliance -
Election of 1800
Battle between the Federalists and Democratic Republicans
The House of Representatives broke the tie - they were heavily influenced by Hamilton
Hamilton disagreed with Jefferson’s policies, but disliked Burr more than Jefferson -
Burr - Hamilton Duel
Burr and Hamilton were political adversariesBurr killed Hamilton; he died the following day of his wounds -
Religious Reform
Second Great Awakening
Tent meetings
A large religious movement swept the nation
Supported reforms in America
Revivals led by Charles G. Finney -
The 2nd Great Awakening
A religious movement of the early 1800s which brought about prison reform, church reform, the temperance movement, women's rights movement, and the movement for the abolition of slavery. -
Louisiana Purchase
President Jefferson was alarmed at the French presence in the Louisiana Territory - felt it would force the US into an alliance with Britain -
Midnight Judges
After Washington left office, John Adams, a Federalist, was elected president
Prior to leaving office, Adams filled a number of federal judge appointments by filling the seats with Federalists
These judges were called “midnight judges” because Adams approved the appointments late on the last day he was in office -
Marbury v. Madison
Established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review
The federal courts have the right to declare certain acts or laws unconstitutional
Example of Checks and Balances -
Period: to
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Jefferson, following the Louisiana Purchase, was eager to explore the new territory and sought a water route to the Pacific Ocean
He appointed Meriwether Lewis to lead the expedition - “Corps of Discovery”
Jefferson also wanted scientific information about unknown plants and animals collected and Native Americans -
Embargo Act of 1807
British impressments of US sailors continued, in spite of Jay’s Treaty
British blockading US ships bound for France
US did not want to get involved with problems between Britain and France -
Robert Fulton - Steam Boat
Launched the first successful steamboat service in 1807
Steamboats decreased travel time - made trips shorter -
Battle of Tippecanoe
The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, in what is now Battle Ground, Indiana, between American forces american forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh -
War of 1812
Major causes of the war
British military aid to Native Americans on the frontier
British impressments of American sailors - Jay’s Treaty
Embargo Act - Jefferson’s alternative to war
War Hawks - Pushed for war with Great Britain -
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Cherokee assisted Andrew Jackson in defeating the Creeks, who were allied with the British
Opened up the Southwest for settlement -
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 - no gains for either side
Land boundaries returned to prewar status -
Battle of New Orleans
won after Treaty of Ghent - made Jackson a national hero
Jackson’s troops defeated the British
US suffered 8 deaths, the British suffered over 700 -
Supremacy Clause
The US Constitution is the supreme law of the land
Overrides any conflicting state laws
Article V -
James Monroe
Era of Good Feelings
5th president -
Panic of 1819
Us faced widespread economic problems
foreclosures
bank failures
unemployment
slumped in agriculture and manufacturing -
McCullough v. Maryland
supreme court ruled that congress had the right to establish a national bank under the necessary and proper clause of the construction
power of federal government over state government -
Adams Onis Treaty
Secretary of state john Adams
negotiated a treaty with Spain 1819
us acquired Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana territory us territory through and Spanish territory in the west -
Adams-Onis Treaty
An 1819 treaty agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States. -
Missouri Compromise
The extension of slavery into new territories divides the North and South - conflict over state’s rights
Northern economy based on manufacturing
Southern economy based on slavery - “cotton kingdom”
balance Maine admitted as a free state
Missouri admitted as a slave state
Remaining Louisiana Territory split into - one part for slaveholders, one part for free settlers - 36°30’ line
North of the line (except Missouri), slavery was banned
South of the line, slavery was legal -
Election of 1820
James Monroe re-elected -
Period: to
The Industrial Revolution
Birth of modern industry and the social
changes that accompanied it
Began in Great Britain
The Northern part of American becomes
industrialized and manufacturing based
Factory system
Revolutionized American in both the North
and the South
Northern economy based on industry
Southern economy based on slavery
(plantations) -
Sequoyah
Invented the Cherokee alphabet
Thousands of Cherokee became literate as a
result -
Texas
Mexico gained independence from Spain - Texas part of Mexico -
Monroe Doctrine
Stated American continents were no
longer open to colonization - US would view
any attempt as an act of aggression
Stated that the US would not interfere in the
affairs of other nations -
Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled
that only Congress had the power to
regulate interstate commerce and foreign
trade -
Election of 1824
Evidence of sectional differences within the
US
John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson -
both were Democratic Republicans
Neither candidate received a majority of
electoral votes in the Electoral College
The House of Representatives decided the
election -
Democratic Party
A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824 which they felt had been a corrupt, undemocratic scandal. -
New Harmony
Share everything, live in harmony -
Noah Webster
Modified British spellings, usage and
pronunciation of many words
Created an “American” language -
Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson elected president
Jackson defeated Adams in part as a result
of the Tariff of Abominations -
Tariff of Abominations
Protective tariff designed to protect
northern manufacturing from competition
from cheaper British imports
Upset the south - detrimental to the
southern cotton economy -
Spoils System
Jackson appointed friends and supporters to
high government positions
Set a precedence for awarding government
jobs for political support
Led to corruption in government -
Indian Removal Act
Congress passed the Indian Removal
Act - authorized the removal of Native
Americans from the SE United States -
Prison Reform
Rehabilitation - prisons were designed to help prisoners become law abiding citizens
Dorothea Dix - advocated prison reform - changing how prisoners are treated
She helped the mentally ill
Many institutions for the mentally ill were established -
Abolitionist Movement
Slavery considered a “necessary evil”
Abolitionist advocated the abolishment of slavery - freedom for slaves
Emancipation -
David walker
Free black man in Wilmington, NC
Gave away pamphlets in the pockets of pants he sold to sailors in southern ports
Believed to have been murdered -
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slavery in Maryland
Educated himself - became a prominent abolitionist speaker -
Stephen Austin
Led a group of settlers to Texas - Mexican government led by General Santa Anna exerted control over settlers -
Sectionalism
North
Economy based on manufacturing
Factory systems
Little use of slavery
Rise of abolitionists - wanted to abolish
slavery South
Economy based on plantation systems and
slavery
“Cotton Kingdom”
Cash crops
Heavy slave population
State’s rights -
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Virginia
Led by a slave - Nat Turner - rebellion was a
failure
Caused the south to strengthen slave
codes (laws restricting activities and conduct
of slaves) -
William Lloyd Garrison
Founded The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper -
Grimke Sisters
Members of a slave holding family
Became abolitionists -
Cyrus McCormick
american inventor and industrialist who invented the mechanical reaper in the 1831, a harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat -
Election of 1832
Pet banks a key issue of this election
Jackson won re-election
Portrayed the national banks as
institutions for the wealthy, rich, and
powerful - “pet banks” -
South Carolina Nullification Crisis
South Carolina began protesting the Tariff of
Abominations - high tariffs on British imports
SC Senator John C. Calhoun - wrote a
pamphlet called SC Exposition and Protest -
Worcester v. Georgia
The Cherokee appealed to the US
Supreme Court
Court ruled that the Cherokee had a right
to remain on their land and could not be
forcibly removed -
The Whig Party
Jackson enemies felt he acted like a king -
“King Andrew”
National Republicans changed their name to
the Whig Party in 1833
Named themselves after the Whigs in
England who resisted King George III -
Cyrus McCormick - Mechanical Reaper
Increased productivity
Made harvesting wheat easier -
Trail of Tears
President Jackson ignored the court’s
decision
Troops sent to round up Cherokee and move
them to Oklahoma
Over a quarter of the Cherokee died from
disease, starvation, and weather exposure -
Sam Houston
led the settlers into a rebellion declared Texas independence -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren elected -
The Alamo
Gen. Santa Anna responded with military force - Texans took a stand at The Alamo
Every Texan perished - “Remember the Alamo”
Texans took Santa Anna hostage - agreed to recognize the Republic of Texas -
Transcendentalism Time period
Literary movement that asserts the existence
of spiritual reality that transcends scientific
knowledge
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Individualism, self reliance
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience - one should resist
government if it conflicts with their
moral beliefs -
John Deere - Steel Plow
Allowed farmers to plow and grow crops in areas out west that’s land was too dry or hard -
William Henry Harrison
9th president of the U.S. and hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840 but died shortly after the inauguration. -
The National Road
Completed in 1841
Stretched 800 miles west
By 1840, a network of roads connected most of the cities and towns in the US
Promoted travel and trade—AND SETTLEMENT OF THE WEST! -
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Signed in 1842 by Daniel Webster of US and Lord Ashburton of Great Britain
Established the United States’ northern border with Canada in Maine and Minnesota -
Samuel F.B. Morse - Telegraph
Telegraph - device that sends messages using electricity through wires-Instant communication
Communication is revolutionized-whole different way of sending msgs -
Polk Elected
Won by Democrat James K. Polk - first “dark horse” winner in US history
Won due to Whig opponent Henry Clay’s avoidance of the issue of annexation of Texas and Oregon
Called for the annexation of both Texas and Oregon -
Oregon
Resident Polk approached Britain proclaiming “”54-40, or fight!” - claimed US had rightful claims to Oregon territory -
Texas
Texas requested annexation to become part of the United States
Texas becomes a slave state -
Wilmot Proviso
Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot came up with a proviso, or condition
Proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico
Not Approved -
Sewing Machine
Elias Howe had the first patent on a sewing machine in the United States in 1846
Helped to increase speed of manufacturing of textiles -
Period: to
Mexican War
Mexico upset over US annexation of Texas
Polk sent troops to Texas border to settle US-Mexico border dispute and to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico
Mexican president refused to talk, and war soon followed
Congress declared war on May 12, 1846 - Mexico eventually surrendered
War was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Called for the Mexican Cession -
Mormons
Practiced polygamy
Joseph Smith-
Leader of the Mormons killed by an angry mob
Brigham Young
Led the Mormons West to Utah for settlement in 1847 -
Women’s Rights Movement
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth
Stanton called for women to be given the right to vote
Seneca Falls Convention
first women’s rights convention -
Oneida
Every man married to every woman - “free love’ -
Mexican Cession
Result of Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ended Mexican Mexico gave up New Mexico and California territories to the United States in exchange for payment -
California Gold Rush
Gold was discovered in California in 1848
People rushed to California to “get rich quick” - they became known as “49’ers”
Huge population increase -
Free Soilers Party
Opposed the extension of slavery into the Western territoriey -
Declaration of Sentiments
A revision of the Declaration of Independence issued in 1848 by reformers to include women and men as equals. It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. -
Know Nothing Party
Secret society – “I know nothing”
Practiced Nativism – opposed immigration in order to protect native U.S. -
Fugitive Slave Law
Required that Northern states return escaped slaves to their slave-owners in the South
Many in the North refused to follow it -
Compromise of 1850
With the acquisition of the Mexican territory, the extension of slavery once again becomes an issue
Henry Clay offers a compromise to maintain balance between the free and slave states
California admitted as a free state
Unorganized territories declared free
Utah and New Mexico territories were to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty -
Period: to
Underground Railroad
Network of people who helped slaves escape to the northern US and Canada
Led by escaped slave Harriett Tubman
Hero of the abolitionist movement -
Temperance Movement
Blamed the ills of society on alcoholism
Convinced several states to outlaw the use of alcohol
“moderation” of alcohol use -
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Fictional book that showed the horrors and evil side of slavery to the public
Motivated abolitionists -
Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Democrat) elected president over Winfield Scott (Whig) and John P. Hale (Free-Soil) -
Radical Republicans
Conflict arose between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Wanted Confederate States to be punished
Did not like Johnson’s plan because it failed to offer full citizenship to freed slaves -
Kansas Nebraska Act
Allowed free and previously unorganized territories of Kansas and Nebraska to vote on the issue of slavery - popular sovereignty
Repealed the Missouri Compromise -
Sumner-Brooks Incident
Charles Sumner opposed the Kansas Nebraska Act – gave a 2 day speech attacking senators who wrote the act
SC Senator Preston Brooks attacked Sumner with a heavy cane, almost killing him -
Know-Nothings
Also known as the American Party
Wanted to rid the country of immigrants and alcohol
Became part of the Republican Party after 1856 -
Election of 1856
James Buchanan (Democrat) elected president over John C. Fremont (Republicans) and Millard Fillmore (Whig & American {Know-Nothings} -
Dred Scott v. Sanford
His owner died and Scott sued for his freedom
Supreme Court ruled he could not sue because he was a slave and not a citizen -
Period: to
Lincoln Douglas Debates
braham Lincoln (R) v. Stephen Douglas (D) for US Senate in Illinois
Public debates
Lincoln opposed slavery
Douglas believed slavery could not be implemented without laws to govern it -
Education Reform
Horace Mann - educator
Advocated education of both men and women - equality through public schools
Believed education was crucial to democracy -
John Brown’s Raid
John Brown was an abolitionist – hated slavery
Attacked federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
Attempted to seize weapons to arm slaves for an uprising
Attempt failed -
Election of 1860
Douglas, Lincoln, Breckinridge run
Lincoln wins election with no southern electoral votes -
Secession
As a result of Lincoln’s victory in the Election of 1860, southern states begin to secede from the union.
Secede = withdrawal -
First Battle of Bull Run
AKA – Manassas
First battle between the Union and Confederate army
Watched by citizens
CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
Fort Sumter – First Shots Fired
Union soldiers had one month of supplies remaining at Ft. Sumter, SC
Lincoln sent food for the troops, but before it arrived, Confederate soldiers opened fire
Union troops surrendered the following day
Civil War begins!!!!!!!!! -
Morrill Land Grant Act
Distributed millions of acres of western territory to state governments States used money from sale of land to finance agricultural colleges -
Vicksburg
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Union wanted control of the Mississippi River
UNION VICTORY -
Antietam
Antietam Creek, Maryland
Bloodiest single day of the war
23,000 killed in one day -
Battle of Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Dec. 1862
Large number of Union casualties
CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
Chancellorsville, Virginia
May 1863
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson killed
CONFEDERATE VICTORY -
Gettysburg
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Lee invades the North
****Turning point of war as Lee is defeated
UNION VICTORY
“Gettysburg Address” given by Lincoln a few months later -
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
Preserve Union
Forgiving peace
Ten Percent Plan
Rebuild rather than punish the South
Confederate states form their own government and 10% of the state’s population must swear an oath of allegiance to the US
Little mention of former slaves -
Gettysburg Address
Given by President Lincoln
Lincoln showed his desire to keep the union together -
Union Draft
Lincoln established a military draft
Wealthy citizens could avoid military service by paying $300 or by hiring a substitute to take their place -
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863
Freed the slaves in the confederate states while preserving slavery in the border states that were still loyal to the union
Lincoln hoped to give the war a moral purpose – “preserve the Union” -
Period: to
Reconstruction of the South
The South is devastated after the Civil War
Reconstruction plans proposed to rebuild the southern economy and social system
Former Confederate states controlled by federal government prior to being admitted back into the Union
Period of rebuilding after the Civil War
Everything had to be rebuilt
Political
Slavery issue
Social
Slavery issue – what to do with freed slaves
Economic
Southern economy collapsed as a result of the freedom of the slaves -
Sherman’s March
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
TOTAL WAR – War is hell
Destroyed bridges, factories, railroad lines
Burning of Atlanta
En route to Savannah
Then crossed north into the Carolinas -
Election of 1864
Lincoln in danger of not being reelected
Some northerners upset over the war
Democrats nominated George McClellan – former Union general to run for president -
Plantations Restored
Many poor slaves could not leave plantation life
Had no land or money
Turned to sharecropping
Farmed a piece of land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crop and housing
Tenant farming
Paid rent to farm the land and owned the crops they grew -
Lincoln’s Assassination
Killed at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth
First assassination of a President -
Johnson’s Plan
Tried to follow some of Lincoln’s plan
Johnson sympathetic to Confederacy
Former slave owner
Many felt he was far too lenient on the south
Made some additions to Lincoln’s plan
Congress refuses his plan -
Freedman’s Bureau
Created to assist former slaves and poor whites
Provided education, schooling, medical care, meals, clothing, land
Did not really help most former slaves -
KKK
Advocated violence against freed blacks
Secretive organization whose members dressed in hooded white robes
Used violence, murder, and threats to intimidate blacks and whites in favor of helping blacks
Lynching, murder
Still exist today -
Appomattox – End of the War
Grant surrounds Lee outside of Richmond, Virginia
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House – Virginia
End of the Civil War!!! -
Period: to
Andrew Johnson
Becomes president after Lincoln is assassinated
Former slave owner
Favored the Confederacy -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Congress passed with the intention of giving citizenship rights to African Americans
Johnson vetoed it
Congress gave an override
Instead passed the 14th Amendment
Guaranteed no person, regardless of race, would be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law -
Black Codes
Laws meant to keep many African Americans subordinate to whites by restricting the rights of freed slaves.
Basically continued the practice of slavery
Examples:
Blacks could not meet together after sunset
Could not own weapons
Could not rent property anywhere other than rural areas -
Carpetbaggers
ame from North to South to do business
Southerners resented them for coming to south for economic gain
Called carpetbaggers because it was said they stuffed clothes into a bag made of carpet and cam -
Scalawags
Scalawags
Southerners who supported Reconstruction
Persecuted in the south for supporting Union policies -
Military Reconstruction
Radicals were against Southerners
Former abolitionists
Felt former slaves should be protected in South
Military rule of South
Protect former slaves
Bans former leaders in South -
Credit Mobilier
Involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier Construction Company
Billed $72 million, only cost $53 million
Extra money split up among the Congressmen
Union Pacific was an investor and was left bankrupt -
Johnson Impeached
Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War Stanton
Could not fire him under the Tenure in Office Act, which limited the president’s power to hire and fire government officials
House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson
Trial in Senate: voted to spare Johnson by one vote -
Grant Elected President
Put this in the 10th Amendment block on the bottom
Republican party refused to support Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant elected in 1868
Administration known for corruption -
15th Amendment
Guaranteed that no citizen may be denied the right to vote “by the United States or any state on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
African Americans – right to vote -
Election of 1872
Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) reelected president over Horace Greeley (Democratic) -
Election of 1876
Grant’s administration surrounded by corruption (Whiskey Ring, Credit Mobilier)
Samuel Tilden (Democrat) v. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
Election contested – results in some states disputed – results unclear
Compromise of 1877 settled the issue of the winner -
Compromise of 1877
Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency
Hayes elected as President
Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction in the South -
Jim crow Laws
Laws passed by southern states following Reconstruction
Required blacks and whites to use separate public facilities -
Oklahoma Land Rush
People given land in Oklahoma to encourage settlement
Settlers came rushing from all around to claim land
Native Americans forced off the land
