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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights: Class of rights that allows for individuals to participate in society with the protection against segregation
-Founded by a group of college students in Chicago that used nonviolent protest in attempt to make a change in society.
-Spread itself in the Northern part of the country first and then moved itself down to the South in the late 1950s. -
Brooklyn Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
-Colorline: A line between blacks and white, based off of differences with customs, laws, and economics
-Fans didn't like the idea of a black man playing on the team, even some of his teammates were not open to the idea.
-Robinson crossing the colorline caused for football to become integrated in 1946 and for basketball to become integrated in 1950. -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: separating a group from the rest of the others based off a trait that makes them different
-Was issued by President Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the military
-With this order, equality would be given no matter their race, color, religion, and national origin. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam: a group of Black Muslims who supported creating communities with only black businesses and schools
-Malcom X: Born as Malcolm Little in 1925 and a former convict, he became one of the most famous advocates for black nationalism
-Focus on African heritage became important and was questioned as to why it wasn't taught like white history was in schools (Afrocentrism)
-Carl Stokes, Tom Bradley, & Thurgood Marshall won large elections from becoming mayor to a Supreme Court Justice -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: Attorney for the NAACP who helped to win the court case
-Ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional
-Case stayed in the Supreme Court for a year and a half
-Chief Justice, Earl Warren, helped persuade the other judges leading to an unanimous decision -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott: not taking part in something or not using a service as means of protest
-Rosa Parks: Was arrested for refusing to move to the back on a public bus, sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
-An intricate carpool system was created to aid with the lack of buses for those who were protesting.
-The boycott lasted a total of 381 days, ending with a ruling in November 1956 stating that segregation on buses was unconstitutional. -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: First nine black students in Little Rock to integrate into a school with whites
-A mob of non desegregation supporters surrounded the school for many days.
-President Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10730, sending federal troops to protect the students so they could continue the integration of the schools -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
-Sit-In: Peacefully protesting by sitting in a public facility
-Jim Crow Laws: Laws in the south that justified segregation
-Four African-American college students sat down at the lunch counter in Woolworth's drugstore in Greensboro.
-The men were refused service by the white waitresses at the lunch counter. -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: Refusing to comply with certain laws as a form of peaceful protest
-A group of thirteen blacks and whites who rode interstate buses from Washington D.C. to Alabama in protest
-In Alabama, one of the buses was lit on fire by a riot of over 200 people. -
Birmingham Campaign
-SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference): an African-American civil rights group who's first president was Martin Luther King, Jr.
-African-Americans flooded the streets in protest, where police sprayed them with strong fire hoses.
-Over 1000 young kids, some as young as five, left school to protest on the streets. -
March on Washington
-NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): Civil rights group for African-Americans
-Over 250,000 people were lobbying for the jobs and freedom that African-Americans deserved.
-At the time, it was the largest political gathering in the whole United States. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson: A 1896 court case that ruled separate, but equal, facilities for all
-Was originally Kennedy's idea, but President Johnson was able to get passed.
-Civil Rights Act banned discrimination against sex, race, religion, or national origin. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: denying someone the right to vote
-The Voting Rights Act outlawed literacy and intelligence tests previously used to prevent African-Americans from being able to vote
-The number of African-American voters in the South jumped from a low 1 million to 3.1 million just between 1964 and 1968. -
Watts Riot & Kerner Commission
-Kerner Commission: a ruling by the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that stated white racism was cause of the Watts riot
-Ghettos: a part of a city with only a single ethnic group residing there
-Watts was an African-American ghetto in Los Angeles where the riot occurred. The people there were tired of the police brutality, poverty they lived in, and the prejudice against them.
-In the riot that lasted six days, 39 people died, around 900 were injured, and 4,000 arrests were made -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: Beginning in the mid 1960s, it was a time when African-Americans gained economic and political power while relying less on peaceful protesting
-This was a group that was created in 1966 that was willing to take violent action in order to achieve its goal in getting economic and political rights
-In their community, they provided free breakfast programs and medical clinics, but also documented mistreatment of blacks as they opposed this. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: the unfair/unjust treatment of someone based off of their sex, religion, or race
-The act banned housing discrimination on sale, rental, or pricing of a house because of gender, race, religion, or national origin.
-Previously, it was hard to buy a house, find someone who would rent out a house, or get a loan because of discrimination against blacks. -
Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
-Desegregation: Ending racial segregation
-A 1971 Supreme Court ruling that said busing was indeed an effective way to enforce school integration
-Because of this case, de facto segregation caused by housing patterns was questioned for being constitutional. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative Action: A policy that favors those who tend to suffer from discrimination
-A 1978 Supreme Court ruling saying that a university's use of racial quotas in an admissions process was unconstitutional, but that using affirmative action was constitutional sometimes.
-Lewis Powell was the judge that stood alone in his thoughts. He thought race could be used as criterion for accepting students, but didn't approve of the University of California's method.
