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Jan 1, 1440
Gutenberg's Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg designed a movable printing press in 1440. This made it possible to make copies of books again and again using metal characters that printed onto pages. This allowed printing to eventually become the first method of mass communication. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/printpress.html
http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/printpress.html -
John Locke - Defining Knowledge
There are two ideas caused when sensory organs are stimulated. These two ideas are as "The idea of Sensation" and "The idea of Reflection". These two ideas are generated through our experiences even though we could have no knowledge behind these ideas. There are two kinds of material ideas known as simple and complex. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/locke.html -
Fritz Machlup - Knowledge Industry
Machlup used three different categories of information: Instrumental, Intellectual and pastime. As well as this, Machlup used five different kinds of knowledge:
1) Practical
2) Intellectual
3) Pastime
4) Spiritual/Religious
5) Unwanted knowledge Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/machlup.html -
Michael Polanyi - Tacit Knowledge
Polanyi discussed something called tacit knowledge. Tacit knowledge uses sensory and conceptual information as well as images to make sense of something. Polanyi then went on to connoisseurship and the process of discovery. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/polanyi.html -
Marshall McLuhan - Technologically Determinist
McLuhan foresaw a society brought together by more connectivity. However, in his later years, McLuhan doubted his earlier ideas. He believed that the internet would intensify speed of access and networking. Image from:
http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/mcluhan.html -
Peter Drucker - The Knowledge Worker
Drucker believes that the largest workforce will be people known as 'Knowledge Workers'. He believes that their education and development will have to be formal. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/drucker.html -
Daniel Bell - The Information Age
Bell developed the concept of a post-industrial society, otherwise known as the information age. By this, he means things like knowledge and information become the major mode of commodity. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/bell.html -
Alvin Toffler - The Third Wave
Toffler describes three waves of civilisation. These three waves are the agricultural society, industrial society and the information society. These three waves determine how we, as a society have developed over the past 4,000 years. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/toffler.html -
John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene - Information Society
They state that we are shifting from an industrial society to an information society. They predicted ten changes that would have an impact upon the information age. Here are three examples:
1) Short term to Long term
2) Hierarchies to networking
3) Institutional Help to Self-Help Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/naisbitt.html -
HyperCard - Dynamic Programming
Something called Hypertext was introduced to the public by Apple. It is this technology that is used to run Mac PC's. Information is stored in the HyperCard and each card is able to be linked together. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/hypercard.html -
Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger - Community of Practice
Lave and Wenger theorized that social and spontaneous communities have a common ground of interests and passions. A Community of Practice develops sets of relationships over time and communities around things that has an impact on its member's lives. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/wenger.html -
The Internet - Network
The idea of The Internet came from a US Department of Defense program called ARPANET in the 1960's. In 1971, the first e-mail program was written by Ray Tomlinson. In 1985, the NSF created NSFNET. Finally, in 1991, Tim Berners-Lee at CERN created a basic version of The Internet. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/internet.html -
Ikujiro Nonaka & Hirotaka Takeuk - The Knowledge Spiral
Nonaka and Takeuk think that knowledge results from four integrated processes:
1) Externalisation
2) Internalisation
3) Combination
4) Socialisation These four processes change depending on the situation in which they're used. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/nonaka.html -
Karl-Erik Sveiby - Intellectual Capital
Sveiby argues that balance sheets has limited effect of measuring a company's wealth. He came to this conclusion because there's a difference between market value and book evaluation. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/sveiby.html -
Don Tapscott - Twelve Themes of the New Economy
Tapscott came up with twelve themes that differentiate a new and old economy. These are Knowledge, Digital, Virtual, Molecularization, Disintermediation, Convergence, Innovation, Prosumption, Immediacy, Globalization and Discordance. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/tapscott.html -
Thomas Davenport and Laurence Prusak - Velocity and Viscosity
Davenport and Prusak defined Velocity as 'the speed with which knowledge moves through an organisation'. They defined Viscosity as 'the richness or thickness of the knowledge transferred'. Image from: http://nwlink.com/~donclark/history_knowledge/davenport.html
