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14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment specified who were legal citizens of the United States and their rights under the law.
Mainly designed to grant citizenship and protect the civil liberties of recently freed slaves.
However the 14th Amendment didn't give full rights to women other than citizenship. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment provided that, "The right of U.S. citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
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Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were the enforcement of de jure segregation and included the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. Even the U.S. military was segregated. -
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DE JURE SEGREGATION OF SOUTH
De jure Segregation means racial separation forced by specific laws. The Supreme Court first approved of de jure segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), holding that legislatively mandated segregation in transportation did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the facilities were separate but equal. However, in most cases the facilities were separate but not equal, where the inferior was almost always forced on the Black communtiy. -
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad that was designated for use by white patrons only. Although Plessy was born a free person and was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, under a Louisiana law enacted in 1890, he was classified as Black, and thus required to sit in the "colored" car. When, in an act of planned disobedience, Plessy refused to leave the white car and move to the colored car, he was arrested and jailed. -
NAACP founded
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Operation Wetback
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Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown was outraged at his daughter having to go to a segregated school a mile away when there was another school 7 blocks from their house but considered White. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in this case, as "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This overturned previous precendent set by Plessy vs Ferguson. -
Beginnings of Affirmative Action
Executive Order No. 10925 [13], issued by President Kennedy established the concept of affirmative action by mandating that projects financed with federal funds "take affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias. -
Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi
The disappearance of the three activists captured national attention for six weeks until their bodies were found. Civil rights activists used the outrage over their deaths in their efforts to bring about the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed July 2, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
Civil Rights Act Signed
Title VII of the Act, is also the starts Affirmative Action in the United States with the prohibition of discrimination in employment. -
National Origins Quota system abolished
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Voting Rights Act signed
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended legally sanctioned state barriers to voting for all federal, state and local elections. It also provided for Federal oversight and monitoring of counties with historically low voter turnout, as this was a sign of discriminatory barriers. -
Griggs v. Duke Power
Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964,Duke Power Co. segregated employees according to race. Specifically, African-Americans were only allowed to work in its lowest-paying positions. Supreme Court ruled against its testing policy as it had a disparate impact on ethnic minorities. This case also set the precendent for discrimination in employment and is a prime example of affirmative action. -
Vincent Chin Murder
His murder sparked pan Asian-American civil rights movement over the lenient sentences given to the two men that bludgeoned him to death. -
American Homecoming Act
Allows children in Vietnam born of American fathers to emigrate to the U.S. -
California Proposition 187
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Sheff v. O'neill
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The Refugee Act
The Refugee Act removed refugees as a preference category and established clear criteria and procedures for their admission. It also reduced the world-wide ceiling for immigrants from 290,000 to 270,000. -
Obama assumes Presidential office
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Immigration Law in Arizona
