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Sep 8, 1500
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
He published the idea that Earth was not the center of the universe. -
Mar 31, 1567
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo used a telescope to confirm predictions about star positioning and movement based on Nicolas Copernicus's work. He and Nicolas began to refine the modern concept of experimentation through observation. -
Rene Descartes
Introduced the idea of dualism in the 17th century -
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
He was a Russian psychologist who charted another new course for psychological investigation. In a famous experiment, Pavlov rang a tuning fork each time he gave a dog some meat powder. The dog would normally salivate when the powder reached its mouth. After Pavlov repeated the procedure several times, the dog would salivate when it heard the ring of the tuning fork, even if no food appeared. It had eeen conditioned to associate the sound with food. -
William James (1842-1910)
Taught the first class in Psychology at Harvard Universtiy in 1875. He wrote the first Psychology textbook. -
Wilhelm Wundt, 1879
In Leipzig, Germany, Wilhelm Windt started his Laboratory of Psychology. -
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)
He wanted to understand how heredity influences a person's abilities, character, and behavior. He traced ancestery of various people and found that genius or eminence is a hereditary trait. He published a book that regarded the first study of individual differences. -
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Formulated that idea of behaviorism and maintained that all behavior, is the result of conditioningand occurs because the appropriate stimulus if present in the environment. -
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Gestalt psycologists
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences. They also disagred with the principles of structualism and behaviorism. -
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
He was a physician who practiced in Vienna until 1938. Sigmund was more interested in the unconscious mind, believing that our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg and that beneath the surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict unconscious motivations and onflicts are responsible for most human behavior. -
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Introduced the idea of reinforcement (a response to a behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated). -
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Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Leon Festinger have greatly benefited to cognitive psychology. Cognitivists believe that behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus. They believe that behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories, and expectations. -
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Humanistic Psychology
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May described human nature as evolving and self-directed. Their approach emphasizes ho weach person is unique and has a self-concept and potential to develop fully. -
Sociocultural Psychology
Psychologist Leonard Doob illustrated the cultural implications of a simple, reflexive behavior-a sneeze. They study the impact and integration of the millions of immigrants who come to the United States each year.
