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Jan 1, 1536
Predestination Belief
Cause: After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Huguenots, Calvin fled to Switzerland where in 1536 he published his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion where first appeared his predestination belief.
Effect: Predestination is the fundemental belief of Calvinism. Calvinists believe that before the creation God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space. -
The Enlightenment
Cause: During the mid-1600's, the Age of Enlightenment took place, and it was called that because it described the time of intellectual need in Western philosophy and cultural life
Effect: The intellectual and philosophical developments of that age aspired toward more freedom for common people based on self-governance, natural rights, natural law, central emphasis on liberty, individual rights, reason, and deism -
Cardinal Richlieu
Cause: Cardinal Richlieu was appointed King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin.
Effect: He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state -
Ivy League Schools
Cause: The term became official, especially in sports terminology, in 1954, The nation was fond of the college teams and it began with athletics, but later, this term also represented an educational philosophy provided by the Ivy league.
Effect. Ivy Leagues school are often viewed by the public as some of the most prestigious universities worldwide and are often ranked amongst the best universities around the world -
Roger Williams: Creation of Rhode Island
Cause: Roger Williams received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations which provided a refuge for religious minorities.
Effect: Williams is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America, -
Formation of the Quakers
Cause: the formation of the Quakers was organized apart from Roman Catholicism and Anglicanism because they believed that a direct experience with God could be available to anyone who searched for it
Effect: Quakerism is still practised today in a variety of ways, it has allowed many people to turn to quakerism in their time of need -
Influence of John Locke
Cause: In the mid 1600's through the early 1700's, John Locke's revolutionary ideas influenced many other renowned philosophers
Effect: He was the first to define " the self" through "conciousness." He also determined that the mind was a "blank slate" and that people were born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience from sense of perception. -
Half-Way Covenant
Cause: Reverend Solomon Stoddard felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose.
Effect: Puritan preachers hoped that the half -way covenant would keep some of the church's influence in society, and that being exposed to teachings and piety which would lead to the "born again" experience -
Salem Witch Trials
Cause: From September 1692 to 1693, groups of girls accused acquaintances of wiftcraft if they themselves experienced bizarre behavior such as itching, fevers, sudden coldness etc.
Effect: 20 people had been tried, condemned, and executed until the colonial governor stopped the trials in 1693. -
George Whitefield
Cause: As an Aglican itinerant leader, he helped spread the Great Awakening in Great Britain but especially in the British North American colonies
Effect: He was a firm Calvinist in his theology, yet unrivalled as an aggressive evangelist. In his preaching ministry he crossed the Atlantic thirteeen times and became known as the apostle of the British Empire. -
Robert Walpole: First Prime Minister of Britain
Cause: Eventhough the position of Prime Minister was not recognized officially, Walpole is acknowledged as having held the office de facto because of his influence within the Cabinet.
Effect: He became the undisputed leader of the Cabinet. and he continued to govern until his resignation in 1742after the Battle of Cartagena disaster, making his administration the longest in British history. -
Influence of William and Gilbert Tennant
Cause: They were religious leaders during the Great Awakening in Colonial America, along with Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Gilbert's most famous sermon was "On the Danger of an Unconverted Ministry"
Effect: William was the founder of a theological school at Warminster, Pennsylvania called, the Log College. Log College is regarded as the precursor to Princeton University. -
The Great Awakening
Cause: American religious revivalism that the Protestant Reformation inspired during and after the 1500's.
Effect: The Great Awakening has influenced the politics of United States history and the evangelical movement of the 1740's played a key role in the development of democratic concepts during the American Revolution -
Poor Richard's Almanack
Cause: An annual almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders."
Effect: It became the bestselling pamphlet published in the American colonies; print runs reached 10,000 per year. It was also popular for its use of wordplay, with many examples of contemporary American vernacular. -
"Sinners in the hand of an angry God"
Cause: "There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any moment, out of hell, but the mere pleasure of their God."
Effect: Most of his sermon's consist of ten "considerations", which Edwards justifies through observations and hellish imagery. Effect: It remains Edwards's most famous written work, and is widely studied both among American Christians and historians, due to the unique insight it provides into the theology of the Great Awakening.