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Charles V retires to monastery, his son Philip II becomes ruler of Spain
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In the name of his daughter, laid claim to the throne of France.
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Religious wars begin in France, Protestant ideas took root, many French Calvinists fled
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Philip II sends a new governor, the Duke of Alva, to the Netherlands with 20,000 Spanish soldiers. he was sent to supress religious and political dissidents by establishing a Council of Troubles.
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Philip II put down the revolt of the Moriscos (converted Muslims) in Spain.
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Spain joins with Ventians and others to battle against the Turks, at Lepanto off the coast of Greece.
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Catholic leaders of FFrance, with the advice of the pope and Philip II, decided to stop the Huguenots (French Protestants). 3000+ were seized and executed on the night before St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris.
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Representatives of the 17 provinces met and put aside religion, instead deciding to force out the Spanish at any cost.
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Don Juan (half-brother of Philip II) becomes governor general of the Netherlands.
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Don Juan dies, succeeded by the prince of Parma.
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Prince of Parma rallied the southmoust provinces to his side, and the seven northern provinces (led by Holland and Zeeland) formed the Union of Utrecht.
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Inherits Portugal
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Declares independence from the king of Spain, calling themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands, A.K.A the Dutch Republic.
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Queen Elizabeth sends 6000 English troops to the Netherlands, under the command of the Earl of Leicester.
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After 20 years of imprisonment, Mary Stuart executed.
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The armada catolica set sail with 130 ships, carrying 30,000 men and 2,400 pieces of artillery to attack the Netherlands. Met in the English Channel by about 200 English vessels, defeated the Spanish
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The war continued even after his death.
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The Dutch East India Company organized, had more sea access with the Spanish gone.
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Cervantes wrote Don Quixote, in two parts.
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Twelve Years' Truce decided, the Netherlands were partitioned, and those who formed the Union were known as the Dutch
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After Philip II dies, economy slows from the inflation, tax increase, emigration, and depopulation. 400 looms operated in 1621, compared to 16,000 operating a century before
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