-
Ku Klux Klan
In 1866, the Ku Klux Klan was created to fight against the Reconstruction reforms. After they showed up, more white supremicists groups appeared, such as the Knights of the White Camelia and the White Brotherhood. These groups helped overthrow local governments through fear, brutality, and murder, and slowly faded out, and did not appear again until the 1920s. -
Period: to
14th Amendment
On June 16th, 1866, the House Joint Resolution proposed the fourteenth amendment and submitted it for ratification to the states.
On July 28th, 1868, the amendment was declared, ratified, and became a supreme law of the United States. -
Reconstruction Acts
A couple years after the end of the Civil War, the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into 5 military districts. This time period is known as Radical Reconstruction. -
Provisions
The major provision of this amendment was to give anyone who was born in the United States citizenship, which also granted citizenship to former slaves.
Another important provision stated is: "nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, withouth due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." -
Jim Crow laws
In 1876, the Jim Crow laws separated both colored and whites in schools, housing, jobs, and other public places. These laws remained active until 1965. -
Voting
In the 1890s, states in the south created literacy tests, poll taxes, elaborate registration systems, and soon, whites - only Democratic Parties, to make sure that blacks could not vote. This also made it so poor whites could not vote either. -
Period: to
Plessy v Ferguson
In the 1980s, a new law in Louisiana stated "equal but separate accomodations for the white, and colored, races."
On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy was arrested for refusing to move from a seat that was reserved for whites. The judge who upheld the case was John H. Ferguson. The case slowly moved up to the Supreme Court. -
Plessy v Ferguson Ruling
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in America was constitutional. -
Brown v Board of Education
In the Brown v Board of Education case, the Supreme Court ruled that all segregation in public schools is unequal. -
Period: to
Martin Luther King Jr.
In 1955, Martin Luther King Jr., a civil rights activist, was arrested along with other activists after boycotting in Montogomery, Alabama.
In Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, King Jr. guided peaceful mass demonstrations. Later on that year, he delived his famous "I Have A Dream" speech in Washington D.C. -
Period: to
Integration
Towards the end of 1957, nine out of seventeen states and the District of Columbia had begun integration in schools. Five more states had integrated schools by 1961.
In 1958, the state of Virginia closed down nine school located in four different counties instead of integrating. -
Violence and Integration
During 1962 and 1963, violence had struck Mississippi. Mobs gathered and attacked several hundred marshals.
