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African Americans- 3/5 compromise
Compromise made between state delegates of North and South during the Constitutional Convention, that stated a slave was considered to be 3/5 of a person. -
Women- Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions is signed
The document stated that women should be entitled as an American citizen and all the rights along with it -
African Americans- Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott who was a slave in Missouri but moved to Illinois where slavery was forbidden due to Missouri Compromise. When he returned to Missouri he filed a lawsuit claiming he was a free man since he was in a place restricted of slavery. The court ruled that African descents are not considered to be an American citizen, therefore, Scott has no right to sue. -
African Americans- 13th Amendment
This amendment abolished slavery and involuntary service unless for punishment for a crime -
African American- 14th Amendment
This amendment granted the right of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the US, including freed slaves -
African Americans- 15th Amendment
This amendment granted all men the right to vote, including African American men -
African Americans- Plessy v Ferguson
This Supreme Court decision stated that it was constitutional to have racial segregation in public places as long as they were equal in quality. "Separate but equal" -
African Americans- Founding of the NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is the oldest civil rights organization in the US, formed by both black and white activists, their agenda is to eliminate racial discrimination and ensure equality in political, social, economic, educational aspects. -
Women- 19th Amendment
This amendment gave women the right to vote, shouldn't be discriminated based on gender -
African Americans- Smith v Allwright
The Texas Democratic Party only were allowing white voters to vote in the primaries, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for the state to delegate elections in that manner -
African Americans- Truman Orders the Desegregation of Armed Forces
This executive order eliminated the discrimination in the United States Armed Forces, regarding race, color, religion or national origin. -
Hispanic Americans- Hernandez v. Texas
Supreme Court ruled that the protection of racial groups beyond black and white was under the 14th amendment. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court ruled that it is actually unconstitutional for public schools to be segregated, overruling "separate but equal" -
African Americans- Little Rock Nine
Little Rock Nine were a group of 9 black students, who were enrolled to Central High School, an all-white school in Little Rock. On the first day, they were blocked from entering by Arkansas National Guard, but, President Eisenhower mandated troops to escort the group into school. -
African Americans- 24th Amendment
This amendment stated that no poll taxes were allowed, to ensure that everyone had the chance to vote -
African Americans- Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act put an end to public place segregation, employment discrimination regarding race, gender or national origin. Considered to be one of the biggest achievement of the civil rights movement. -
Hispanic Americans- Cesar Chavez publicizes the plight of migrant workers
Cesar Chavez, a labor activist lead a march to the capital of Texas, Austin for fair wages and humane working conditions -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act eliminated some barriers put in place at state and local levels to prevent African Americans from voting -
Women- National Organization of Women organized
A non-profit organization, 550 chapters in 50 states + D.C., founded in D.C. -
Hispanic Americans- Founding of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF)
A non-profit civil rights organization, created in 1968 for the purpose to protect the rights of Latinos in the US -
African Americans- Jones v. Mayer
Jones filed a lawsuit against a real estate company in St.Louis County in Missouri stating they refused to sell him a house based on his race. Supreme Court ruled in his favor. -
Sexual Orientation- Stonewall Riot
Violent retaliation against the New York City police raiding the Stonewall Inn which was a gay bar -
Women- Reed v Reed
Supreme Court ruled that Idaho Probate Code violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, different treatments of men and women were unconstitutional -
Women- Title IX
This act stated that there cannot be anything discrimination based on gender for any educational participation and benefits -
Hispanic Americans- Multi-member electoral districts in Texas outlawed
Multi-member districts are electoral districts that send two or more members to a legislative chamber, the Supreme Court ruled that MMDs couldn't be used to deprive racial groups of voting -
Women- Congress opens all military service academies to women
President Ford signed Public Law 94-106 in 1975 for services to be available to women, Class of '80 became the first Coed class -
Women- Craig v Boren
Supreme Court ruled that the Oklahoma statute violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause by establishing different drinking ages for men and women, (21 for men, 18 for women) -
Women- Dothard v. Rawlinson
Supreme Court ruled while height and weight requirements violated Title VII since it excluded 41% of women but it also didn't since any below the requirements would create a safety issue -
Women- ERA introduced into Congres
Proposed amendment for equality between men and women, first introduced in 1921, passed by Congress in 1978 but not by the state legislatures -
Hispanic Americans- Plyer v. Doe
Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for Texas to withhold funding for districts that educated undocumented students since they fall under the 14th amendment -
Women- Civil Rights and Women's Equity in Employment Act
Men and women have the same jurisdiction of writing and enforcing contracts -
Sexual Orientation- "Don't Ask Don't Tell"
The official policy of military service by people a part of the LGBTQ+ community. -
Sexual Orientation- Massachusetts legalizes same sex marriage
In Massachusetts, it was unconstitutional under the state's constitution to only give hetrosexual couples the right to marry, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that same-sex marriage is legally recognized -
Sexual Orientation- United States v. Windsor
A same-sex couple married in Canada was recognized by New York as a married couple but the Federal Government didn't, when Windsor's wife left the estate in her name the gov imposed taxes. -
Sexual Orientation- Obergfell v Hodges
Supreme Court ruled that under the 14th amendment it protects one right to marry anyone, applies to same-sex couples. -
Sexual Orientation- Defense of Marriage Act
Prior to being declared unconstitutional, it was a law that defined a marriage between a man and a woman, it also allowed states to recognize same-sex couple marriages -
Sexual Orientation- Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cakeshop because requiring them to bake violated their first amendment right
