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Flight simulators used to train MIT pilots.
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Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory that learning is encoding information into human memory, the same way a computer stores information. The three kinds of storage. Sensory registers to recieve information, short-term memory to store information temporarily, and long-term memory to store it indefinitely.
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Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph W. Gerard, Kenneth Boulding establish Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory. Learning is fostered by using a system of instruction based on behaviorist information--processing and cognitive--behaviorist theories. It's designed by stating goals and objectives, doing task analysis to set a learning sequence, matching assessment to objectives, creating materials, and field testing and revising materials.
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Skinner forged the Behaviorist Theory, which states that behaviors are shaped by reinforcement that shapes a desired response. Skinner believed that people could be condidtioned to act in certain ways and should be rewarded with positive reinforecement or have something taken away when undesired behavior occurs, which is negative reinforcement. Skinner thought that learning is something that happens in the mind and can be inferred only by observable behaviors.
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IBM 650 used in New York City for binary arithmetic.
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Jerome Bruner is credited for establishing this, which states that learning cognitive growth through interaction with the environment. Children are more likely to understand and remember concepts that they discover during their interaction with the environment. Teachers should provide opportunities for exploring and manipulating objects and doing experiments.
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Robert Gagne published The Conditions of Learning. Gagne belived that learning is shaped by providing optimal instructional conditions. Conditions differ according to the type of skill being taught.
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Federally funded projects use mainframes and minicomputer systems in schools.
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Piaget writes that learning is cognitive growth through neurological and social maturation. Children go through different stages of development: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations. They do this by interacting with others.
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CDC President William Norris discusses the computer system PLATO, and states that it will revolutionize instruction.
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Desktops in classrooms let teachers have more control over district data processing offices.
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Arthur Luerhrmann creates the term for skills in programming and using softward tools. It is said that students who are not computer literate with be disadvantaged.
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Vygotsky writes Mind and society: The development of higher psychological processes. Learning is a cognitive development shaped by individual differences and the influence of culture. Adults and kids view the world differently. That difference is the Zone of Proximal Development.
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Howard Gardner believed that learning is shaped by several types of intelligences: Linguistic, musical, logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist.
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Central servers with connected computers become more dominant than stand-alone systems. Schools see the systems as cost-effective solutions for instruction to address standards.
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Mosaic is the first web brower and changes the internet from being only text to text and graphics. Exciting times.
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ISTE sponsored the creation of National Educational Technology Standards to guide technology skills for students, then for teachers and admin.
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The internet is now used for online classes and distance learning, as well as in K-12 classrooms.
