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The Hapsburgs
The Hapsburgs were ruling in Europe, and had aquired the territories of Hungary and Bohemia. They had also gotten parts of Poland, Ukraine, northern Italy and Romania. This is significant because the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling family, which means that they were good rulers. -
Revolts against the Ottomans
Many people had revolts against the Ottomans, so that they could hopefully set up independent states. This is significant because during this time many people were trying to defeat the Ottomans and divide their lands, which eventually made the Ottoman Empire fail -
Congress of Vienna
Many people were calling for a united Germany. However, Matternich had said at the Congress of Vienna that if Germany united, then each German state's government would have to be taken apart. This is significant because it helped them start towards being a united Germany. -
Riots break out
Nationalist revolts, calling for a unified Italy started. This is significant because it was the 1st step towards a unified Italy. -
Risorgimento
Leadership of the Italian nationalist movement, also known as the Risorgimento, went to the kingdom of Sardinia. This is significant because this shows how Italy struggled at first to become unified. -
Hopeful power increase
Victor Emmanuel II wanted to join other states to his so his power would increase. This is significant because it showed how Victor Emmanuel II was also power crazy like William II. -
Revolts crushed
The government crushed the revolts that broke out because of the Hapsburgs ignoring nationalist demands. This is significant because even though the Hapsburgs tried to ignore the demands, riots soon broke out, but the government put an end to them. -
Count Camillo Cavour
Count Camillo Cavour, who believed in realpolitiks, was appointed by Victor Emmanuel as his prime minister. This is significant because Count Camillo Cavour was one of the main people who helped unify Italy so it was a good idea to make him prime minister. -
Secret deal
Cavour got a secret deal with Napoleon III, which said that he promised to help Sardinia if they ever went to war with Austria. This is significant because without France's help, Sardinia wouldn't have been able to defeat Austria. -
Sardinia's defeat
Cavour provoked a war with Austria. Then, Sardinia defeated Austria with France's help, and took control over Lombardy. This is significant because gaining this control helped Italy unify. -
King of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II got crowned King of Italy. This is significant because it gave Victor Emmanuel II, who was the ruler during the unification of Italy, more power. -
New Prime Minister
King William I of Prussia made Otto von Bismarck his prime minister. This is significant because Bismarck was a very important person who helped unify Germany. -
Alliance with Austria
Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria. This is significant because if he hadn't formed the alliance he wouldn't of been able ot defeat Denmark and then later Austria. -
Denmark invasion
Both Prussia and Austria invaded Denmark and took the provinces of Holstein and Schleswig. Then, after the quick war Prussia got Schleswig and Austria got Holstein. This is significant because if Austria hadn't fought this war with Prussia against Denmark they wouldn't have been able to take over Holstein. -
Attack on Austria
Otto von Bismarck attacked Austria. After the seven week Austro-Prussian war Prussia took Holstein and took control of many other north German states as their winnings. This is significant because taking over this land helped to slowly unify Germany. -
Dual Monarchy
The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was created by Ferenc Deak. This is significant because the Dual Monarchy is the government of Austria-Hungary. -
Germany's dominance
France suffered a great defeat after the short Franco-Prussian war. This war proved that Germany was the dominant power. This was significant because it showed Germany's dominance and great power. -
2nd Reich
Germany officially united as the "2nd Reich," which means the 2nd empire. The Holy Roman Empire was the 1st Reich. This is significant because they felt they had reached the second empire after the first one crumbled in 1812. -
Kulturkampf
The Kulturkampf, which was used to make Catholics more loyal to Germany than to the church, began. This is significant because it showed Bismarck that he couldn't force the people to be more loyal to Germany than to their religion. -
Bismarck as chancellor
Bismarck was appointed as Kaiser William I's chancellor, or his highest advisor. This is significant because it shows that Kaiser William I felt Bismarck was doing a good job in helping to unify Germany, so he gave him more power. -
Kulturkampf ends
The Kulturkampf, or "Battle for Civilization," ends and Bismarck is forced to become friends with the pope. This is significant because it shows how religion was very important to the people. -
Death of Kaiser William I
Kaiser William I dies. This is significant because it was the end of not only Kaiser William I but also some of his beliefs, except militarism. -
Kaiser William II
Kaiser William I's grandson becomes Kaiser William II. This is significant because William II was a powerful ruler and strengthened Germany's army and he created a navy good enough to go against Britain's navy. -
Bismarck resigns
Kaiser William II asks Bismarck to "resign." This is significant because it wasn't expected from Kaiser William II, and it showed how he was a little power crazy.