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The Treaty of Versailles was a 1919 peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. -
The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria. -
The Holocaust was the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and murder of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. -
the Germans would not be able to keep military forces in a 50 km stretch of the Rhineland. -
Italy invaded Ethiopia on October 3, 1935, beginning the Second Italo-Ethiopian War to establish an empire and avenge a previous defeat. Despite superior technology and brutal tactics like poison gas, the conflict was prolonged by Ethiopian resistance. -
The Anschluss was the March 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, a territorial expansion driven by Adolf Hitler's desire to unite all German-speaking peoples into a "Greater Germany" -
the Evian Conference in July 1938 was to address the growing crisis of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria -
The Munich Conference concluded that the Sudetenland territory would be ceded to Germany. -
a 1939 U.S. legislative proposal that would have allowed 20,000 German refugee children to enter the country over two years, outside existing immigration quotas -
The MS St. Louis was a German ocean liner that, in 1939, carried over 900 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution -
a 1939 non-aggression treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that secretly agreed to divide Eastern Europe, including Poland, into their respective spheres of influence -
to initiate World War II, driven by Hitler's expansionist policies aiming to conquer territory in the east and secure Germany's "living space" -
allowed warring nations to purchase American goods, including arms, provided they paid cash upfront and transported the goods on their own ships -
an agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom on 2 September 1940 -
to initiate World War II, driven by Hitler's expansionist policies aiming to conquer territory in the east and secure Germany's "living space" -
the Royal Air Force (RAF) successfully defended the United Kingdom against Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. -
The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 was a United States program that allowed the President to provide military and economic aid, such as weapons, food, and supplies, to Allied nations vital to American defense during World War II -
a joint declaration made on August 14, 1941, by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill outlining their shared vision for the post-World War II world -
Japan launched a surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, killing over 2,400 Americans and severely damaging the Pacific Fleet -
the first naval battle in history fought entirely by aircraft carriers, resulting in a strategic Allied victory by halting the Japanese invasion of Port Moresby, despite both sides suffering heavy losses, including the U.S. carrier USS Lexington -
destroying four Japanese aircraft carriers and crippling their offensive capabilities, while the U.S. lost only one carrier, the Yorktown -
a U.S. government agency, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944, to rescue Jews and other victims of persecution in Nazi-occupied Europe. -
the Allied forces landed troops on Normandy beaches for the largest amphibious assault in history, beginning the march eastward to defeat Germany -
a surprise attack launched through the Ardennes Forest in December 1944 to split the Allied armies and force them to negotiate -
The liberation of Buchenwald was the event in April 1945 when the United States Army liberated the Buchenwald concentration camp, freeing the remaining prisoners. -
German U-boats tried to sink Allied merchant ships to starve Britain, but the Allies countered with convoys, radar, and code-breaking to secure their supply lines and project power across the ocean -
the final major battle of the Pacific theater, a bloody and costly strategic victory for the Allies that influenced the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan to avoid a potentially devastating invasion -
an international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace, human rights, and sustainable development -
the codename for the atomic bomb dropped by the United States on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, during World War II. -
A Fat Man device was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945. -
marks the end of World War II -
The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals held from 1945 to 1949 by the Allied powers to prosecute Nazi leaders for crimes committed during World War II. -
The Truman Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy established in 1947 by President Harry S. Truman that committed the United States to support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". -
a U.S. initiative to provide economic aid to help Western European countries rebuild after World War II -
a foundational document adopted by the United Nations in 1948 that outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms to which all people are entitled -
to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means, based on the principle of collective defense, where an attack on one ally is considered an attack on all