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Balkan Wars Citation
Continuation... Bulgaria was defeated, and Greece and Serbia divided up most of Macedonia between themselves. The wars heightened tensions in the Balkans and helped spark World War I. (Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.). -
Balkan Wars Citation
Balkan Wars, (1912–13) Two military conflicts that deprived the Ottoman Empire of almost all its remaining territory in Europe. In the First Balkan War, the Balkan League defeated the Ottoman Empire, which, under the terms of the peace treaty (1913), lost Macedonia and Albania. The Second Balkan War broke out after Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia. -
Balkan Wars
Who? The Balkan League and The Ottoman Empire. What? Two conflicts between the Balkan League and The Ottoman Empire. When? From 1912-1913. Where? Macedonia, Albania, and Greece. Why? It was to try and make the Ottoman Empire lose its territory in Europe and it almost lost all of it. How? By invading and attacking The Ottoman Empire. -
Battle of Verdun
Who? France and Germany. What? The Battle of Verdun was a great conflict that ended with over 300,000 casualties on both sides. When? It took place from February 21st, 1916 to December 18th, 1916. Where? Verdun, France. Why? It was a German advance on the French fortress in Verdun, if the Germans took over the fortress they would have an advantage to France in Verdun as it was a major defense point. -
Battle of Verdun Citation
The Battle of Verdun took place from February 21, 1916, to December 18, 1916, during World War I… France and Germany fought in the Battle of Verdun. In the engagement, the French repulsed a major German offensive… The Battle of Verdun took place where it did because of the French fortress of Verdun… French casualties amounted to about 400,000, German ones to about 350,000. Some 300,000 were killed. (Bidou, 2023.). -
Battle of Verdun
Continuation... How? Because of its fortifications along the German front-line the Germans decided to try and invade the fortress but it didn't work out well as the battle lasted almost a year and tore the Germans and French apart. -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Continuation... How? Franz Ferdindand was in an open topped car going down an avenue after managing to evade an assassination during a parade. As he and his wife were rolling down the street they happened to encounter another assassin, Gavrilo Princip who took the opportunity and killed the Archduke and his wife with a browning pistol. -
Asssasination of Archduke Ferdinand Citation
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are killed by an assassin's bullets just hours after they escaped another assassination attempt. Gavrilo Princip is immediately arrested for the shooting and Nedjelko Cabrinovic is caught fleeing after the bomb attempt (Library of Congress, n.d.).
Born December 18, 1863, Graz, Austria—died June 28, 1914, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary [now in Bosnia and Herzegovina])... -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Citation
Continuation..The shaken royal couple insisted on changing their schedule and visiting the hospital to check on one of the officers injured in the morning attack… down the very avenue where the conspirators were still present. When the royal motorcade entered a side street and stopped to turn around, a compatriot of Cabrinovic, 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, seized his opportunity. Approaching the royal couple’s open car, he shot both Franz Ferdinand and Sophie with a Browning pistol (Levy, 2023). -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Who? and What? Franz Ferdinand was the archduke of Austria-Este. When? Franz Ferdinand was born on December 18th 1863 and died on June 28th 1914. Where? In Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a side street next to a hospital where one of his injured officers was being tended to. Why? Most likely due to the fact that he was to assume the emperor position even though there was already a lady-in-waiting, and as such it brought conflict with the emperor and the court. -
World War I begins
Who? Austria-Hungary and Russia. What? Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. When? July 28th 1914. Where? Austria-Hungary and Serbia, Russia. Why? Because of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia for justice. How? By making propaganda posters and by telling the people about the assassination, causing a great deal of nationalism and pride for their country. -
World War I begins Citation
A month after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on July 28, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian government declared war on Serbia. Immediately, and within a period of six days, European countries declare war upon one another. (Library of Congress, n.d.). -
Battle of Gallipoli, Somme
Who? The Allies and The Ottoman Empire. What? It was a big battle against the allies trying to weaken the Ottoman Turkish opposition. When? April 15th, 1915. Where? It took place at a cape in Gallipoli, Europe. Why? It was an advance on the Ottoman Empire to try and weaken and crumble their power. How? By dropping Australians at the Anzac cove, the Anzacs rushed the Ottomans with over 5,000 casualties. -
Battle of Gallipoli, Somme Citation
Continuation... General Sir Ian Hamilton decided to make two landings, placing the British 29th Division at Cape Helles and the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) north of Gaba Tepe in an area later dubbed Anzac Cove. (IWM, n.d). -
Battle of Gallipoli, Somme Citation
On 25 April 1915, the Anzacs landed around Ari Burnu on the western side of the Gallipoli peninsula with the loss of 5,000 casualties. The landing site became known as Anzac Cove… Allied success in the campaign could have weakened the Central Powers, allowed Britain and France to support Russia and helped to secure British strength in the Middle East. But success depended on Ottoman Turkish opposition quickly crumbling. -
Lusitania sinks
Continuation.. Why? Because the Germans and the British were enemies, ships under British rule could be attacked if found by German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean and that's exactly what happened but it just so happened that there were Americans on the Lusitania. How? A German U-boat sent a torpedo towards the Lusitania, and once it hit the ship exploded causing it to sink. -
Lusitania sinks Citation
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine (U-boat) U-20 torpedoed and sank the Lusitania, a British cruise liner traveling from New York to Liverpool, England. Of the 1,959 men, women, and children on board, 1,195 perished, including 123 Americans…Germany previously had unambiguously alerted all neutral passengers of Atlantic vessels to the potential for submarine attacks on British ships and that Germany considered the Lusitania a British, and therefore an "enemy ship" (Library of Congress, n.d.). -
Lusitania sinks
Who? 123 Americans aboard the ship were killed. What? The Lustiania was a British cruise liner traveling from New York to Liverpool, England when a German U-boat torpedoed the ship, exploding it and causing it to sink. When? On May 7th 1915. Where? Somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean between New York and Liverpool. -
Zimmermann Note
Who? Arthur Zimmerman, Mexico, The United States. What? The Zimmerman Note was an encoded telegraph sent to Mexico from Arthur Zimmerman. When? January, 1917. Where? Mexico. Why? Because Germany needed allies Arthur Zimmerman asked Mexico to invade and attack the States but the British encountered and decoded the telegraph, then sent it to America to tell them about the threats made against them. How? On a telegraph. -
Zimmerman Note Citation
This telegram, written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, is a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States. The obvious threats to the United States contained in the telegram inflamed American public opinion against Germany and helped convince Congress to declare war against Germany in 1917. -
Zimmerman Note Citation
Continuation... In January of 1917, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause… The British waited to present the telegram to President Wilson. -
Russian Revolution Citation
This first component of the Russian Revolution forced the abdication of Czar Nicholas II. It placed in power a Provisional Government of liberal and socialist factions…in the summer months, the continual deterioration of the war effort and an increasingly dire economic situation caused Russian workers, soldiers, and sailors to riot ("The July Days")...On October 24–25, 1917, Bolshevik (left-wing socialist) forces under Vladimir Lenin seized key government buildings and stormed the Winter Palace, -
Russian Revolution
Who? The two Russian governments, The Imperial Government and the Bolsheviks. What? Two revolutions consisting of the overthrow of the imperial governments and the bringing to power of the Bolsheviks. When? In February 1917 and from October 24-25, 1917. Where? The February Revolution took place in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), Russia while the Bolshevik Revolution took place in the same place. -
Russian Revolution Citation
Continuation... Then the seat of the new government in Russia's capital, Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). The Bolshevik Revolution (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d). -
Russian Revolution
Continuation... Why? These revolutions happened because the public didn't like the imperial government and so they took it down and the Bolsheviks rose to power with their idea of communism. How? The public forced the Czar Nicholas II into abdication, then the provisional government took the place of power and their reign caused the Russian workers, soldiers, and sailors to riot and go on strike in the summer months. -
Russian Revolution
Second continuation... Then the Bolsheviks seized government buildings and stormed the Winter Palace under Vladimir Lenin’s rule, then the Bolsheviks slowly took control of the government and their power. -
U.S. enters war Citation
Continuation... On April 4, the Senate voted to declare war against Germany by a vote of 82-6. At 3:12 a.m. on April 6, the House of Representatives passed the resolution in a vote of 373 to 50 (The National WWI Museum and Memorial, n.d.). -
U.S. enters war
Who? The United States. What? The U.S was a superpower of the world but they were trying to stay out of international affairs to be neutral. When? On April 6th, 1917 the United States joined the war. Where? In Washington, DC. Why? & How? Because of the war and the attacks on American ships as well as British ships carrying Americans, the United States decides to enter the war to try and stop the killings. -
U.S. enters war Citation
On March 20, almost a month after the Zimmerman Telegram hit the American press, President Wilson convened the Cabinet to discuss moving from a policy of armed neutrality to war. It was unanimous: all members advised war. With a proclamation already being drafted by President Wilson, the American steamship Aztec was torpedoed and sunk by Germany on April 1… -
Russia withdraws from war
Continuation... How? In sight of this Russia decided to sign a peace-treaty with Germany, this treaty allowed for Russia to withdraw from the war and Germany’s affairs at the expense of 30% of their territory being given to Germany. -
Russia withdraws from war
Who? Russia. What? Russia had lots of resources and was the main supplier for Germany and their affairs. When? In March, 1918. Where? In Brest-Litovsk which is now Belarus, Europe. Why? Russia was losing resources and since most of the world was against them they were losing trade and were losing a ton of resources to Germany. -
Russia withdraws from war Citation
Starving Russians weary of war had become impatient with the slow pace of change under the provisional government. Lenin’s calls for “peace, land [for farm laborers and workers], and bread” now attracted more followers. By October, he was back in Russia, and by November 7, his Bolshevik-led army, the Red Guard, had forced out the provisional government and proclaimed the government by the soviets… -
Russia withdraws from war Citation
Continuation... In March 1918, the new Russian government, now under Lenin’s leadership, signed a peace treaty with Germany at Brest-Litovsk in what is now Belarus (Facing History and Ourselves, 2016.). -
Battle of Chateau-Thierry
Who? Germany, France, and the U.S What? It was a big battle between the allies and Germany that caused a lot of bloodshed. When? July 15th, 1918 Where? Chateau-Theirry, France. Why? It was because of the conflict of WWI that the Americans tried to advance on Germany in France. How? It was supposed to be a big advance but in the first-half Germany advanced while the American front-lines were unstable but when the French counter-attacked the Americans did so as well. -
Battle of Chateu-Thierry Citation
With the arrival of the U.S. marines, and their support of the beleaguered French military, the misshapen croissant of Belleau Wood (located less than 40 miles from Paris) had been taken in 1918… Throughout the spring and summer, it was the Germans who had advanced, not the Allies, and where the German army had faltered, it was only because it had outrun General Ludendorff’s ability to reinforce and supply it… German salient into France until he was halted by a French counterattack. -
Battle of Argonne
Who? 26,000 soldiers killed with over 120,000 total casualties. What? It was a huge American Military campaign that took the offensive against the Germans. When? It took place September 28th 1918-November 11 1918. Where? It was located in the dense Argonne Forest along the Meuse River. Why? Because of the Germans Reign, the Amercians decided to make a big push against the Germans in the Argonne Forest to try and take back land. -
Battle of Argonne Citation
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I. It was one of the attacks that brought an end to the War and was fought from September 26 – November 11… The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the largest operation of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) -
Battle of Argonne
Continuation... How? It happened because the Germans managed to push America into the war causing the Americans to ally with France in which together, they managed to make a big attack against the Germans in the forest. -
Armistice of WWI Citation
Continuation... On Nov. 10, the Germans received word that Kaiser Wilhelm II had abdicated and instructions from the new government that they should sign the armistice. At 5 a.m. on Nov. 11, the armistice was agreed upon. Marshal Foch sent word to Allied commanders that “Hostilities will be stopped on the entire front beginning at 11 o'clock, November 11th (French hour) (The National WWI Museum and Memorial, n.d.). -
Armistice of WWI
Who? Germany signed an armistice with allies to end the war. What? An armistice is a treaty to cease all fire against two or more parties. When? The Armistice was signed on November 18th, 1918. Where? It was signed in Compagnie, France. Why? It was signed so WWI could be brought to an end the world was really suffering from it. -
Armistice of WWI Citation
On Nov. 11, 1918, after more than four years of horrific fighting and the loss of millions of lives, the guns on the Western Front fell silent. Although fighting continued elsewhere, the armistice between Germany and the Allies was the first step to ending World War I. The global reaction was one of mixed emotions: relief, celebration, disbelief and a profound sense of loss… -
Armistice of WWI
Continuation... How? It was signed once Germany was backed up against the wall as it was surrounded by all its enemies with no more resources to fight back. As such Germany decided to surrender to the allies and sign the Armistice of WWI. -
The Treaty of Versailles signed
Who? Germany, The United States, France, and the United Kingdom. What? The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty between Germany and the allies. When? It was signed June 28th, 1919. Where? Paris, France. Why? It was created and signed to end the five year conflict of WWI. How? Germany sent representatives as well as the allies to sign the treaty in France. -
The Treaty of Versailles signed Citation
On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, France. The treaty was one of several that officially ended five years of conflict known as the Great War—World War I. The Treaty of Versailles outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. Other Central Powers (significantly, Austria-Hungary) signed different treaties with the Allies (Kirtland, n.d.). -
First meeting of the League of Nations
Continuation... Why? The League was made as a way to resolve international disputes to stop more world wars and other big battles. How? By getting 4 of the major superpowers of the world to gather and talk-it-out the organization was created. -
First meeting of the League of Nations
Who? The League of Nations consisted of France, Britain, Italy, and Japan. What? The LoN was an organization created by four superpowers after WWI, it was supposed to be a way to resolve international disputes so no other big war would happen. When? The first creation and meeting of the organization was on January 10th 1920, and on November 15th 1920, the first meeting was held. Where? Their headquarters was in Geneva, Switzerland. -
First meeting of the League of Nations Citation
Continuation..The League of Nations officially came into existence on 10 January 1920. On 15 November 1920, 41 member states gathered in Geneva for the opening of the first session of the Assembly. The League of Nations (1920 – 1946) was the first intergovernmental organization established “to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. It is often referred to as the “predecessor” of the United Nations (United Nations, n.d.). -
First meeting of the League of Nations Citation
The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. Though first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for an equitable peace in Europe, the United States never became a member (Office of the Historian, n.d.).