-
-
France and Russia became allies
-
-
nonbinding agreement to follow common policies - not a treaty, but led to close military & diplomatic ties -
several Balkan states attacked Turkey & succeeded in taking a large area of land away from Turkish control. -
Balkan states fought among themselves over the spoils of war. These brief but bloody Balkan wars raised tensions to a fever pitch -
-
Schlieffen Plan
-
(all Slavic peoples shared a common nationality)
Russia stood ready to support Serbia, a proud young nation that dreamed of creating a South Slav state. -
a barrel of gunpowder that a tiny spark might cause to explode
-
Italy wanted to remain neutral (neutrality - a policy of supporting neither side in a war)
-
the first battle of Marne ended Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front
-
Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany. Then the Russians suffered disastrous defeat at Tannnenberg, causing them to retreat. As the least industrialized of the great powers, Russia was poorly equipped to fight a modern war. -
Helped defeat it’s old rival Serbia. -
-
The partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity it was seeking -
Austria has declared war, so Serbia turns to its ally, Russia who began to mobilize, or prepare its military forces for war -
The Germans embarked on the plan by invading Belgium - Schlieffen Plan required German armies to march through neutral Belgium and then swing south behind French lines - goal was to encircle and crush France’s army
-
Britain and other European powers had signed a treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality - Britain was outraged by the invasion of Belgium -
-
1st Germany and then the Allies began using this. Blinded or choked it’s victims or caused agonizing blisters & burns; winds could move it around back on those who launched it -
Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, then later Germany. Italians & Austrians fought 11 battles. -
the Allies sent a massive force of British, Indian, Australian & New Zealander troops to attempt to open up the strait
-
Turkish troops trapped the Allies on the beaches of the Gallipoli peninsula. After 10 months & 200k+ casualties, the Allies finally withdrew from the Dardanelles
-
The human cost - because of the stalemate on the Western Front, both Allies & Central powers launched massive offensives
- the 11 month struggle cost more than a half a million casualties (soldiers wounded, killed or missing) -
Romania, hoping to gain some land in Hungary but were crushed by Central Powers -
Arab nationalists led by Husayn ibn Ali declared a revolt against Ottoman rule. The British gov sent Colonel T.E. Lawrence - later known as Lawrence of Arabia - to support Arab revolt. Lawrence led guerrilla raids against the Turks, dynamiting bridges & supply trains. Eventually, the Ottoman empire lost a great deal of territory to the Arabs, including the key city of Baghdad. -
Italians retreated in disarray. British & French forces later helped stop the Central Powers’ advance into Italy. Still Caporetto proved as disastrous for Italy as Tennenberg had been for Russia
