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The Triple Entente - consisted of France, Britain, and Russia.
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Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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A-H had taken control of Bosnia in 1878 and accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia --> powder keg ready to explode. Archduke (Austria) visited Bosnian capital Sarajevo, Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke and wife. July 28 - A-H declared "short war" against Serbia. Alliances pulled nations together. Germany declared war on Russia. Germany declared war on France. Britain declared war on Germany and A-H
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Germany invaded Belgium with this plan. Holding action against R ussia, combined with quick drive through Belgium to Paris. After France had fallen, the two German armies defeated Russia.
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A German U-boat sank Lusitania off southern coast of Ireland. 128 Americans out of 1,198 people lost. Germans defended action by saying that liner carried ammunition. Americans angry with Germany --> public opinion against Germany and Central Powers
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U-boat sank another BAritisn liner, drowning 2 Americans.
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Germany agreed to not sink any more passenger ships after Arabic, but then broke promise and torpedoed an unarmed French steamer, Sussex --> sank, 80 passengers (including U.S) were killed/injured. U.S. warned Germany that it would break off diplomatic relations unless Germany changed tactics. Under condition: If U.S. cannot persuade Britain to lift blockade against food and fertilizers, Germany would reconsider renewing unrestricted submarine warfare.
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lasted until mid-November, British suffered 60,000 casualties in the first day. 1.2 million total. Trench warfare continued over three years.
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telegram from German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents. Proposed alliance between Mexico and Germany, and promised that if war w/ U.S. broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering TX, NM, AZ.
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Required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men registered, and 3 million were called up.
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American vice admiral William S. Sims convinced British to try convoy system. A heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth acros Atlantic in groups. By 1917, shipping losses cut in half.
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President had control over economy, including power to fix prices and to regulate certain war-related industries. Main regulatory body = WIB, established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918 under leadership of Bernard M. Baruch. Board encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. Eliminate waste by standardizing products. Set quotas and allocated raw materials. Industrial production increase 20%. However, retail prices soared.
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Agency for the administration of the Allies' food reserves. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of the price of wheat on the U. S. market.
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It was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.Established by Woodrow Wilson
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1917: Congress passed Espionage Act which gave postal officials the authority to ban newspapers and magazines from the mails and threatened individuals convicted of obstructing the draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail.
1918: Congress passed Sedition Act which made it a federal offense to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the government, the American uniform, or the flag. The government prosecuted over 2,100 people under these acts. -
Wilson established board to deal with disputes between management and labor. Those who refused to obey board decisions could lose draft exemptions. Improved factory conditions - pushed for 8-hr workday, promoted safety inspections, enforced child labor ban
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U.S. troops helped win this battle, turning tides against Central Powers.
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Same day, German sailors mutinied against gov. authority. Soldiers and workers organized revolutionary councils. German republic established. Kaiser gave up throne.
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Socialist leaders in Berlin established German Republic.
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Germans too exhausted to continue fighting (though there were no Allied soldiers on German land and no truly decisive battle fought) so Germany agreed to cease-fire and signed armistice (truce) to end war.
