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Allies
-The Triple Entente aka Allies
-Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia --Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -
1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
-June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, visited Bosnia capital Sarajevo
-As he was driving through the city Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot the Archduke and his wife Sophie
-Princip was part of the group Black Hand
-The assassinations touched off a dipomatic crisis
-July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia -
Selective Service Act of 1917
-Created to meet the governments need for more fighting power
-Passed by congress in May 1917
-Act required men to register with the government to be randomly selected for military service
-By end of 1918, 24 million men were enrolled
-Of these men, almost 3 million were called to service -
Convoy System
-German U-boat attacks on merchant ships in the Atlantic were a serious threat to Allied war effort
-American Vice Admiral William S. Sims convinced the
British to try the convoy system; a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups
- By fall of 1917, shipping losses had been cut in half -
Second Battle of the Marne
-When Russia pulled out of war in 1917, Germany shifted armies from eastern front to western front in France
-Americans arrived just in time to help stop the Germans advance at Catingy in France
-In July and August, Americans helped win the Second Battle of the Marne
-The tide had turned against the Central Powers -
Austria-Hungary Surrenders to the Allies
-On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies. That same day, German sailors mutinied against government authority. The mutiny spread quickly.
-Everywhere in Germany, groups of soldiers and workers organized revolutionary councils. On November 9, socialist leaders in the capital, Berlin, established a German republic. --The kaiser gave up the throne. -
Battle of the Somme
-Began July 1, 1916 and lasted til mid November
-British suffered 60,000 casualties on first day alone
- Final casualties totaled around 1.2 million
-Only 7 miles of ground changed hands -
Sinking of French Passenger Liner Sussex
-March 1916, Germany torpedoed the unarmed French passenger steamer Sussex
-80 passengers, including americans, killed or injured
-US threatened to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany unless it changed its tactics -
Zimmerman Note
-Germans ignored Pres. Wilsons calls for peace
-Pres. held back and said he'd wait for "actual overt acts" before declaring war
-First overt act was the telegram
-Telegram from German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents -Proposed alliance between Mexico and Germany and promised if war with US broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” -
Sinking of British Liner Arabic
-3 months after Lusitania was sunk, a U-boat sunk the Arabic, drowning two americans
-US protestedand Germany agreed not to sink any more passenger ships -
Central Powers
-Germany and Austria-Hungary along with the Ottoman Empire-an empire of mostly Middle Eastsern lands controlled by the Turks- were later known as Central Powers -
Schlieffen Plan
-August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium following the strategy knwon as the Schlieffen Plan
-Plan called for a holding against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris
-After France had fallen, armies would defeat Russia -
Sinking of British Liner Lusitania
-Germany responded to the British blockade with a counterblockade by U-boats; any British or Allied ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunk
-Lusitania sunk by a U-boat on May 7, 1915 of southern coast of Ireland
-1198 people lost, 128 americans
-Germans defended their actions by saying the liner had been carrying ammunition -
Establishment of the German Republic
-November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies
-Same day, German sailors mutinied against government authority
-Groups of soldiers and workers began organizing revolutionary councils everywhere in Germany
-November 9, 1918, socialist leaders in the capital, Berlin, established a German republic
-The kaiser gave up the throne -
Cease-Fire and Armistice
-Germans were too tired to continue fighting
-November 11, 1918, at 11 oclock, Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice that ended the war
-Armistice: truce -
War Industries Board
-War Industries Board: main regulatory body
-Established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918 under leadership of Bernard M. Baruch, a prosperos businessman
-Board encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques
-Urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products
-Under the WIB, industrial production in the US increased by 20%
-Retail prices soared -
National War Labor Board
-Established by President Wilson in 1918
-Created to deal with disputes between management and labor
-Workers who refued to obey board decisions could lose their draft exemptions
-Board also worked to improve factory conditions
-Pushed for 8 hour workday, promoted safetly inspections, and enforced the child labor ban -
Food Administration
-Set up by Wilson under Herbert Hoover to help produce and conserve food
-Instead of rationing food, Hoover called on people to follow the "gospel of the clean plate"
-Declared one day a week "meatless," another day "sweetless," two days "wheatless," and two other days "porkless."
-Restaraunts reoved sugar bowls from the table and served bread only after the first course
-Homeowners planted "victory gardens" in their yards
-American food shipments to the Allies tripled after all these -
Committee on Public Information
-Governent set up nations first propoganda agency, the Committee on Public Information (CPI)
-George Creel, a former muckraking journalist, was head of CPI
-Cree persuaded the nations artists and advertising agencies to make paintings, posters, etc. promoting the war
-Recruited around 75,00 men to serve as "Four-Minute Men" who spoke about everything relating to the war
-Creel ordered a printing of around 25 million copies of "How the war came to America" -
Espionage and Sedition Acts
-Jue 1917, Congress passed Espionage Act and May 1918 passed Sedition Act
-Under Espionage and Sedition Acts a person could be fined up to 10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive anout gov't war effort
-These laws clearly violeted spirit of First Amendment
-Passage of these laws led to over 2000 prosecutions; over half resulted in convictions
-Acts targeted socialists and labor leaders
