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This is the age when people started using bronze tools and weapons and developed systems and cities.
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Ziggurats, temples made of sun-dried brick and decorated with colored tiles, were built in every Sumerians' cities. -
The name given to the early language and people who spoke it is Indo-European because the people settled in areas from India to Europe. Almost every modern languages spoken in Europe root back to Indo-European. -
Flourished
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The Sumerians used copper and tin to create copper. They used that to make metal plows. -
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Hammurabi's, ruler of Mesopotamia, greatest achievement was "to make justice appear in the land." -
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Ahmose, an Egyptian prince, drove the Hyksos out with his army and founded the first dynasty of the New Kingdom. Adapted the title Pharaoh to mean ruler. -
Moses and the Israelites pledged to reject all gods other than the one true God and his laws.
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Moses led his people out of Egypt in an exodus to the Sinai Desert.
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This is the time period when people started to use iron for tools and weapons. They also learned about steel.
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Hieroglyphics, the Egyptians carved picture symbols on slate pieces, were no longer used due to the decline of Egypt. -
overseas trade stopped, poverty increased, and people lost a bunch of their practical skills like writing and craft making.
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ruled northern Italy from the plains of Etruria
900-500 B.C. -
set up by a lawmaker named Lycurgus. -
built the wall of a city on a hill overlooking the Tiber River. His brother Remus who was on the opposite side of the wall, jumped over and Romulus killed him.
"So perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements."
Rome became his namesake city. -
A blind poet, composed Iliad and Odyssey during the Trojan war time period.
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issued an improved code of laws for Athens. -
supplied the Greek mainland with grain to help feed the overcrowded city-states. -
–named after the Goddess Athena–started having its governing methods diverge with Sparta.
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poet lawmaker who became the leader of Athens. -
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Born 470 B.C. to a poor family. One of the greatest Greek philosophers. -
most Greek achievements in the arts and sciences took place in Athens during this time.
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Roman gods were influenced by Greek gods like Zeus and Athena. They believed in nature spirits.
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Athenians seemed as if they would last forever, but the Spartans made a deal with the Persians to return to their control for gold. In 430 B.C. a plague weakened Athens.
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tragedians are writers of tragedies.
Aeschylus – wrote 90 plays
Sophocles – lived through most of the Peloponnesian war.
Euripides – rareky dealt with the influence of the gods -
the Athenian general -
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The teachings of Buddha, Confucius, and Laozi.
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The third great philosopher of ancient Greece. Wrote more than 200 books. -
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Hellenistic play-write. "We live not as we will, but as we can." -
During the Hellenistic Period
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Stoics believed what happened to people was governed by natural laws. -
Campaigns in Sicily and Spain. The war in Africa.
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Scipio – most famous for defeating Hannibal of Carthage at the Battle of Zama.
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said to give land to the poor. Was killed in a street fight.
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proposed the same idea about giving land to the poor, but was also murdered
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There were too many slaves. They were driving out the small farmers and workers who then fled to the cities for jobs.
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contributed to the fall of Rome
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conquered Gaul
extended Roman rule to the Atlantic Ocean
won a civil war
created the Julian calendar
Caesar passed legislation on provincial administration and tax collection -
contributed to the fall of Rome:
After his death, his grandnephew and two of his government officials split up the Roman world -
Roman Peace.
lasted 200 years -
laid foundation for the Roman Empire
reigned for 40 years: 27 B.C. to 14 A.D.
rebuilt the city
became patron of the arts
introduced many reforms to the empire -
the four emperors who first showed promise but later showed their faults
Tiberius (14 A.D.) – accused innocent of treason against him.
Caligula (37 A.D.) – became mentally disturbed and was killed.
Claudius (41 A.D.) – renowned scholar, but had difficulty focusing on affairs of state.
Nero (54 A.D.) – cruel and insane. sentenced to death in 68 A.D. -
Germans sought warmer climate and grazing land. They were also fleeing the Huns.
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Diocletian and Constantine struggled to stop the empires decline, their reforms failed.
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Jews were treated cruelly but were still allowed to practice their religion. When Jesus died, his disciples spread word that he had visited them. Soon Christianity started to spread. Constantine ordered his soldiers to put crosses on their shield and when they won the war, Christianity was adopted by Rome
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nomadic group of warriors who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe
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