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Alfred Thayer Mahan
-Mahan was commissioned in the U.S navy in 1859
-Mahan spent the next 2 deca making his career in the sea service
-published book 1660-1783 which focused on advancing state power
-the sea bought immigrants to the new nation &served as a base for outward trade
-Mahan book expanding westwards assimilating half of the north american continent into its political union -
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Henry Cabot Lodge
-Henry was a republican U.S senator
-Henry had support of a strong navy which resulted resulted in a relationship with teddy Roosevelt later differed in domestic matters
-lodge was an advocate for american action on Spain in 1898
-teddy Roosevelt and Henry wanted to introduce the U.S to imperialism like the European countries -
Sanford B Dole
-Dole was a lawyer who led the provisional government while it worked out plans for the united states to annex the islands
-when president Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii because of the planters actions in seizing power dole served as Hawaii president
-After the outbreak of the Spanish-American war, congress then voted to annex Hawaii in 1898
-Dole served as governor of Hawaii from 1900-1903
-dole pineapple company was named after him
-dole overthrew queen Liliuokalani -
UUS Maine
-in January 1898,Maine was sent to Cuba to protect u.s interests during the Cuban war of independence
-February 15, the Maine exploded in Havana harbor killing 266 men
-Leaded to the Spanish-american war
-Yellow journalism swept the nation and its propaganda helped to precipitate military action by the U.S -
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Spanish American War
-american's support of Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule
-the mysterious explosion of the UUS Maine in Havana
-the cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 millions from U.S to Spain and it helped the U.S become a world power
-the navy was being created as a large defense -
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Timespan (Theodore Roosevelt)
-Roosevelt was elected gov. of NY until 1900's but came popular w/rep party then elected up under president McKinley
-Sept 14 Theodore became the 26th president b/c president McKinley was assassinated
-establish pelican island FL as fed reserve &sings treaty w/panama for building of panama canal&help establish yosemite park& Nat park -
"Open Door Policy"
-john hays sent all the imperial countries a letter called the open door note which urged them to announce that in their spheres of influence
-they would respect chines rights & the idea of fair competition
-the purpose was to give all nations equal rights when trading w/ china, so other euro. nations wouldn't use the boxer rebellion to take over china
was aimed to enhance enhance trade& promote china's welfare & sovereignty -
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Panama Canal
-presidents Roosevelt over saw realization of a long term us goals trans-isthmian canal
-through the 1800's america&British leaders &businessman wanted to ship goods quickly & cheaply between the Atlantic & pacific coast
-international trade influenced the political situation in order to build the canal -
Roosevelt corollary
-Was an addition to the Monroe doctrine
-Said the US had the right to exersize military force Americans countries to keep Europeans out
-Lead the us into conflict with the Caribbean and central Americans
-Was an important part of Americans imperialism -
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Dollar Diplomacy
-promote american foreign policy goals
-make Americans more money
-took place in Caribbean region
-U.S banks -
WWI
-leading by mid-august to the outbreak of WWI which pitted Germany Austria-Hungary and the ottoman empire against Great Britan,France,Russia,Italy and japan
-militarism
Alliances
Nationalism -was occurring is Europe while led to the leggings of WWI
by the time WWI ended in the defeat of central powers in November 1918 more then 9 million had killed
-but the association of archduke Franz Ferdinand was the SPARK that started the WWI -
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weapons of total war part 2
Mchine guns
-fully automatic mounted portable to fire bullets in a quick succession from an ammunition belt
-developed for rapid firing
-one of the most deadliest and devastating weapons
Trench warfare
--method of fighting where opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out trenches
-to construct a thought out system that under went constant revision
-protected men from machine guns -
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Weapons of total war
-the use of unrestricted war fare was to have major impact on WWI as it was on of the main reasons why american joined the war
-naval or water miens are self contained explosive devices placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines
-land mines are self contained explosive devices concealed under the earth -
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airplanes
-started reconnaissance
-didn't have a way to bomb they used tanks but they were to slow
-introduced Ariel bombing and attacking troops on the ground from the air poison gas July 1917
-fatally injured victims
used to attack large armles
Germany want to stay ahead in termly of gas war fare
about 79,00 soldiers were killers
remained in soil for weeks making captain of infected trenches dangerous -
Sinking of the Lusitania
-occurred during the First World War was Germany waged submarine war fete against the uk
-killed 1, 198
-contributed to the American entry into WWI -
Sussex pledge
-promise made in 1916 during WWI by Germany to the U.S prior to the latters entry into the war
-the Sussex a French cross-channel passenger ferry was torpedoed w/o warning on March 24,1916
-About 50 lives were take. -
Zimmerman Telegram
-Internal diplomate communication issued from the German foreign office that proposed a military alliance between Germany&mexico in the event of the U.S entering WWI against Germany
-Helped generate support for the U.S declaration of war an Germany in April -
German unrestricted submarine warfare
-was first introduced in WWI when Germany declared the area around the British isles a war zone ,in which all merchant ships including those from neutral countries would be attacked by the German navy which led to the U.S war
-Submarine sink vessels such as freighters and tankers w/o warning -
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American expeditionary force
-Nicknamed AEF
-Consisted of the U.S army sent to Europe under the command of General John .Pershing in 1917 to help fight in WWI
-total of 1.3 million soldiers arrived in France
-AEF fought in France along side french and British forces against German forces in the last year of the of the war
-the men in the AEF army were nicknamed dough boys because of the white belts they wore -
espionage act
-it was intended to prohibit interference with military operations of recruitment
-the penalty if convicted was 20 years of imprisonment and fines up to $10,000
-in 1919 the supreme court of the united states unanimously ruled through Schenek v. united states that the act not violate the freedom of speech of those -
The Fourteen Point Plan
-President Woodrow Wilson was the author of the four teen points
- it was astatement of principles for wold peace negotiations in order to end WWI
-Europeans welcomed the plan but congress and Wilson colleagues in France,Italy and the united kingdom rejected the plan
-He was awarded a nobel peace prize in 1919 for his peace-moking efforts -
U.S soldier Alvin Yorh
-IN 1918 united sates corporal Alvin C .yorh reportedly kills over 20 German soldiers and captures an addition 132 at the head of small detachment in the argcne forest near the Meuse river in France
-severs other american solders followed yorh's lead
-He was giver credit for killing more then 20 German soldiers promoted to the ranh of sergeant -
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Battle of Argonne Forest
-also known as mass-Argonne offensive or the Meuse-Argonne offensive
-one of the final allied offensives it stretched out along the western front and lasted 47 days
-the Meuse-Argonne offensive was the largest in united states military history,involving 1.2 million american soldiers
-killed 26,277 american lives which made it the largest an bloodiest operation of WWI
-the whole point was to weaken the German army to eventually put an end to the war -
supreme court of schenh V.U.S
-U.S supreme court ruled on march 3,1919
-schenh responded that the espionage act violated the first amendment of the constitution which forbids congress from making any law abridging the freedom of speech
-clear and present danger test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit on individuals free speech under the first amendment
- the court said free speech id not protester from falsely "shouting free in a Crowley theater and causing phonic -
Treaty of Versailles
-it was the peace treaties at the end of WWI
-it ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers
-the surrender of German colonies of nation
-but want signed the U.S
-the provision caused German expansion economic down fall and hyperinflation and vulnerability of the German people and led to the election of Hitler and the fascist party -
League of Nation
-intergovernmental organization as a result of the pairs peace conference
-purpose was to maintain world peace
-weakness lacked there own armed they depended on the great powers but they were reluctant to help
-the league severely weakened when several major power such as the U.Sand Russia failed to join it
-league proved incapable of presenting aggression by axis power & countries started withdrawing from the league -
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American Expedition force
-Nicknamed AEF
-Consisted of the United States armed forces sent to Europe under the command of General John j.
-Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I
-A total number of 1.3m made it to France
-AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces I the last year of the war against German forces
-The men in the army were nicknamed the dough boys because of the white belts they wore -
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tanks
the development thanks was a response to stalemate of trench warfare
it did a great deal to end horrors of trench warfare and brought back some mobility of the western front
canned food
propose canned food in particular was neap source of substance and it was relatively easy to mass produce and deliver to soldiers
became more widesspreas