-
Vancomycin was first discovered in 1953 by Edmund Kornfield from a soil sample from the jungles in Borenl by isolating the large glycopeptide chemical structure.
-
Vancomycin was first avaliable to the public, but the medicina tarnished quickly because of the impurities in fermentation and preparation which was linked to ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
-
http://youtu.be/y6UqRJmjGqA
In 1984 bateria Enterococcal was first indentified. -
During the mid 1980's, severaal outbreaks of VRE were found in Italy , Sweden, and other Northern European countries.
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus is a bacteria that is called Enterococcus. This bacteria has developed to be resistant toward many antibiotics. -
At the begining of 1988 VRE was discovered in Georgia Atlanta.
-
During these years the percentage of infected people rose in the United States from .03% to 7.9%
-
The outbreak was caused by van-A positve enterococci phenotype. Then 20 vancomycin ressistant enterococcus faecium isolates were seperated from 5 other different infected patients. Two patients died from severe enterococcal infections.
-
5 colonized patients were identified with VRE.
-
In the same University Hospital in Germany 8 patients were diagnosed with VRE.
-
Due to the anal/rectum stool samples a large increase of patients infected rosed from 48 to 105 patients.
-
Three patients were identified in
-
Queen Elizabeth Hospital located in Yau Ma Tei was one of the worst cases. Throughout the hospital, 300 patients were detected with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus.
-
Multidrug resistant microbes or “superbugs” are resistant to vancomycin because of an alteration of their cell wall structure. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE), now is the second leading superbug in US hospitals and responsible for urine, heart, wound and blood infections. In the field of nanomedicine, the first biodegradable polymer-based nanoparticle is capable of combating multidrug-resistant microbes, which works by selectively targeting and tearing down bacterial cell walls and membr