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Henry Cabot Lodge
-He strongly supported both imperialism and a stronger navy
-he was in charge of the congressional committee that was in charge of invesigations , the war the army handled the fillipino rebels
-was against joining the league of nations and felt the US world lose its freedom of action
-imperialism - a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy and military force -
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
-mahan influenced the US military policy by the ideas in his book the influence of sea power upon history
-Mahan's ideas influenced nava/power by the US seeking new markets abroad through the navy on the seas and his emphasis upon acquistion of noval bases, the idea ran by the assistant secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt -
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Sanford B. Dole
-His family developed the dole pineapple company
-the U.S. navy used hawaii as a gas station
-He had an active role in the over throw of the monarchy Queen L. of hawaii & was elected as the first president in 1893 for the U.S
-U.S. annexed hawaii during the spanish american war J dole became hawaii's first governor -
Presidency of stanford b dole
-the navy US use hawaii as a gas station
-he helped overthrow the queen of hawaii and shortly afterwards he had gotten elected president of hawaii which led to the annexation of hawaii to the us
-he was born in hawaii and his family developed the pineapple company -
Sinking of the USS Maine
-The maine was sent to cuba to protect american citizens while the cuban revolutionaries were fighting spain for independence
-the newspaper writers on blamed spain for the explosion so there was a public uproar
-Many americans saw this as a chance to seize other overseas possessions and begin building an american empire -
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Spanish american war
-was a conflict between united states and Spain
-the war was to end spanish colonial rule in the U.S and a chance for U.S to be an empire
-it was in the western pacific and latin america like , philipines , samoa , Guam , wake island and cuba
-congress support a modernization program that would make american very effective and stay -
Expanding world power
- in this time period , america changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force both economically and military
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theodore roosevelt - battle of san juan hill "rough riders"
Assistant secretary of the navy theodore roosevelt raised a volunteer force known as the "rough riders" Acting with other army regiments , they defeated spanish forces at san juan hill in cuba -
Open Door Policy
-Purpose of the policy was to give all nations equal rights when trading with china
-the treaty would oppose any attempt by other nations to use the rebellion as an excuses to dismember china
-this policy was the US attempt towards world power -
Presidency of theodore roosevelt
-Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the US after the assassination of Mckinley
-Roosevelt "sqaure deal" domestic program included a promise to battle large industrial combinations
-foreign policy was to bring the US out of its isolation and fill its responsibility as a world power
-After death of garret hobart, theodore became vice-president -
Roosevelt Corollary
-Theodore Roosevelt convinced that all of latin america was vulenrable to european attack
-President Roosevelt dusted of the monroe doctorine and added his own corollary
-Monroe doctorine blocked further expansion of europe in the western hemisphere , Roosevelt corollary
-was used to justify US intervention throughout the hemisphere -
Dollar Diplomacy
-was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote american commericial interests
-to improve financial opportunities to use private capital further US interest overseas
-taft administration concentrated in assisting american buisnessmen in the protection and expansion of investment and trade especially in latin america and far east if latin ameircan countires did not pay their debt the US government sent marines to collect -
Panama Canal
-the panama canal took 10 years to build
-the price of the build was $403
-the US helped free panama from colombia to get access for the build -
World War 1
-central powers consist of austria-hungary , germany , bulgaria and the ottoman empire
-allied powers are serbia, russia , france, the UK italy , belguim and the united states
-the cause of the war the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand at sarajevo on june 28 1914 -
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Weapons of total war part 2
-Machine Guns : -Fully automatic mounted or portable firearm , design to fire bullets in a quick succession from an ammouniton belt
-developed for rapid firing
-one of the most deadliest and devestating weapons
Trench warfare : -method of fighting were opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dog out trenches
-to construct a thought out system that underwent constant revision
-protected men from machine guns -
Weapons of total war
-Submarine (u-boats)
-submarine or u-boats were created to fight war in sea
-developed to gain advantage in the warfare
-extremely effective against merchant ships and hindering the allies supply line mines
-explosive device concealed under water or on ground to destroy or disable enemy targets ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks as they passed over or near it
-developed to create defensive tactical barriers channeling attacking forces
-decreased the use of submarines -
Weapons of total war part 3
-poison gas
-Extremely powerful blistering effect on its victims. it harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield . Germans had more chance on winning the battle tanks
-Lead the charge across no mans land to protect both the vehicles and the men caused by early trench warfare canned
-french directory decided that something needed to be done about the militarys food supply
-food last longer , it was relatively easy to mass produce and deliver -
Sinking of Lusitania
-Less than a year after WW1 a german u-boat the rms , a british ocean inner route from New York to liver pool , England -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
-Germany declared the area around the british isles a war zone which all ships would be attacked by the german navy . a string of attacks on merchant ships followed culminating in the sinking of the lusitania by a german U-boat
-the incident prompted U.S. president woodrow wilson to send a note to the german government demanding an end to german attacks unarmed merchant ships and the germany navy commanders did not accept this degree of passivity and continued . -
Espionage Act
-this act was designed to crush subversion and silence critics of the war . for those convicted of aiding the enemy obstructing military recruitment protesting and conscription or say or doing anything to impede the war
-The maximum fine was up to 10,000 and 20 years in federal prison -
Zimmerman Telegram
-this was message from german foreign minister to mexico Gov.
-the war between the US and Germany is published on the font page of newspapers across America into WW1 -
fourteen point plan
-the fourteen point plan ideas were disturbed would wide by the government writing for george creel in the american committee on public information
-Millions of copies of booklets and pamphlets that explained wilsons plans were disturbuted to allied nations and dropped from planes above germany
-allies agreed to accept the fourteen points as the basis for the country peace negotiations if wilson would agree to two reservations -
American Expeditionary force
-the commanding general was John J pershing
-the AEF's nickname was "Doughboys"
-they had more then 500,000-1,000,000 men the AEF sustained about 370,000 casualtiesand 204,000 wounded during the war
-US divisions were deployed with french and british units to gain combat experience by defending the relatively quiet sectors of their lines the AEF helped push the allied powers towards victory under the command of general John J Pershing -
Batlle of Aragonne forest
-the AEF (American expeditionary force) assembled 600,000 soldiers + 40,000 pieces of artillery
-A total of 1.2 million americans were involved 117,000 were killed or wounded
-fought threw the hilly Terrain shattered the german line
-Final allied offensive of world war 1 that stretched along the entire western front help end the war -
Alvin York
-he was said to kill over 20 german soldiers and captures an additional 132 at the head of a small detachment in the argonne forest near the meuse river in the france
-the german commander had underestimated the size of the enemy squadron , surrendered his garrison some 90 men
-York was awarded the highest american military decoration the congressional medal of honor -
Supreme court
-Issue: the first amendment violated when congress makes a law that punishes opinions against the war
-Congress passed a law called the Espionage act which said that during war time obstructing the draft was a crime
-The court ruled that there is limits to free speech . Free speech is not protected from falsely 'shooting fire in a crowded theatre and causing panic the first amendment did not protect words that create a "clear and present danger" -
Treaty of Versailles
- the treaty's term was Germany to take the blame , Germany had to give up land to france and 4 other countries Germany had to pay for all the reparation and the German army was limited to 10,000 men and the league off nations was created -the US saw this as an unfair punishment , so Woodrow Wilson prepared 14 points -the US was offered to join the league but turning it down because of foreign affairs so the US went into isolation until the stock market crash
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schenck v. United states
-He disturbuted thousands of flyers to american servicemen recently drafted to fight in the world war 1 the flyers asserted that the draft amounted to "involutionary servitude " and that the war itself was motivated by capitalist greed and urged draftees to petition for repeal of the draft
-the courts ruling was schenck got sent to jail for six months
-his speech created a clear and present danger of insubordination in wartime and was a man who cries "fire!" in a crowded theater causing panic -
League of nations
-The treaty created the league of nations an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against agressors
-the United States congress denied president Wilson's 14 point along with the league was severely weakend when several major powers such as the united states + Russia failed to join it -
Sussex Pledge
-The sussex pledge was a promise made in 1916 during WW1 by germany to the US prior to the latter's entry into the war , Early in 1915 Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted ships, but not passenger ships to be torpeded without winning