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Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an African American student, who faced racial discrimination throughout the course of his education. He joined his former teacher in a fight against the segregation.
domestic policy, culture and society -
NAACP
The National Association for the Advanced Colored people was formed in 1909 and throughout history had a strong voice in efforts to improve the rights of african americans. They also fought to bring an end to racial violence. -
Rosa Parks
Eisenhower's presidency.
Rosa Parks was arrested after boarding a Montgomery bus and refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger. After this bus boycotting began and her actions left a legacy for african Americans to stand up for themselves.
domestic policy -
Malcolm X
In the 1960's Black Muslims began to rise up and the Nation of Islam had some 65,000 followers. Malcolm X was a minister who offered a message of hope, defiance, and black pride.
domestic policy, culture and society -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Eisenhower's presidency.
After the Montgomery bus boycott a group of African Americans formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and selected MLK as its leader. He played a huge role in the Civil Rights Movement of 1954 and left a legacy for future African Americans to fight for their rights and equality.
domestic policy -
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was a vietnamese ruler, he studied communism in China and the Soviet Union. He believed a communist revolution could be the way Vietnam could gain freedom from foreign rulers.
foreign policy -
Brown v. Board of Education
Eisenhower's presidency.
The supreme court combined many racial based education discrimination cases into one single case known as the 'Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas' case.
domestic policy -
Geneva Conference
Eisenhower's presidency.
The purpose of the Geneva Conference was to work out a peace agreement and arrange for the future of Indochina. through this a cease-fire was worked out.
foreign policy -
Period: to
The Great Society, The Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War: 1954-1969
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Vietnam War
Eisenhower's presidency.
Vietnam had been struggling and having conflicts within themselves and their leaders as well as with other countries. It seemed that war was inevitable. The first and second Indochina Wars took place.
foreign policy -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Eisenhower's presidency.
After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat NAACP called for a boycott of the city bus system, in which African Americans stayed off the buses.
Domestic policy -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Eisenhower's presidency.
The representatives of the Montgomery Improvement formed this new group to help organize protest activities taking place all across the region.
domestic policy -
The Little Rock Nine
Eisenhower had to send federal troops to end the standoff that began on Sept. fourth when African American students were harassed on their first day of school. Then on sept 25 the group of African American students entered the high school protected by U.S. soldiers. -
Civil War in Vietnam
Eisenhower's presidency.
Divisions in Vietnam were high. opponents in South Vietnam were in open revolt and communist leaders in North Vietnam began supplying weapons to Vietminh rebels.
foreign policy -
Sit-in movement
Eisenhower's presidency.
A strategy of nonviolence protesting. It was a popular tactic used by African Americans throughout the civil rights movement.
domestic policy -
The Great Debates
Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency.
Millions of Americans watched through the television as VP Richard Nixon and senator John Kennedy debated in the first televised presidential debate.
Technology, Domestic policy , Politics -
Bay of Pigs
When John F. Kennedy became president he learned of a project that Eisenhower had authorized. It was the Bay of Pigs invasion in which the CIA was secretly training 1,500 cuban exiles to invade Cuba and try to overthrow Cuba's dictator.
Foreign policy -
Space Program
President John Kennedy had great plans for reaching a New Frontier and restoring the United States status. Part of his plan was building a space program to launch space exploration.
Technology and innovation, domestic policy -
Freedom Riders
John F. Kennedy's presidency.
Core planned its own nonviolent action in 1961. It was to help draw attention to the situation by sending groups of freedom riders on bus trips through the south. On these trips african american riders would get out at each stopping spot and use all the white people facilities.
domestic policy -
Berlin Crisis -Vienna Conference -The Berlin Wall
John Kennedy's presidency.
It was a Cold War conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States concerning the divided german city of Berlin. The Vienna conference was where Kennedy invited Khrushchev to meet in hope of easing the tension. The Berlin Wall was built iin 1961 to block East Germans from escaping to the freedom in West Berlin.
Foreign policy -
Albany Movement
Kennedy's presidency.
Albany, Georgia became a battle ground in the civil rights movement. It was a movement in which 500 protestors including Martin Luther King Jr. were arrested. it lasted nine months and was a major defeat for King.
domestic policy -
Twenty-Fourth Amendment
John Kennedy's presidency.
This amendment banned the states from taxing citizens to vote. It helped African Americans to be able to vote.
domestic policy -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy's presidency.
The Soviet Union and United States were on the verge of a turning the Cold War into a nuclear war during this crisis. It was a result of all the build up from past events and tensions. Khrushchev had defensive missiles and possible offensive missiles placed in Cuba.
Politics, Foreign policy -
Voting Rights Reform
During Kennedy's presidency the Supreme Court's decisions were responsible for big changes in American society. The Warren Court made many decisions concerning reforms, one being the voting rights reform.
Domestic policy, politics -
Birmingham Campaign
Kennedy's presidency.
King raised hundred of thousands of dollars to fund campaigns against the strict segregation laws in Birmingham. It began with sit-ins and marches and the police forces beat a group of student marchers.
domestic policy -
March on Washington
Kennedy's presidency.
This march was the largest civil rights demonstration ever held in the United States. It was here that Martin Luther King Jr. gave his final speech, his famous "I have a dream" speech.
domestic policy -
Kennedy Assassination
November 22 president John Kennedy was riding an open car through Dallas, Texas to the location of where he was supposed to give a speech when he was shot and killed. -
War on Poverty
After Kennedy's assassination Lyndon Johnson became president. In his first State of the Union Address he declared war on poverty and asked congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act.
Domestic policy -
The Great Society
President Lyndon Johnson had ambitious plans for the nation. He used the term Great Society to describe the domestic programs of his term.
politics, domestic policy -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
President Johnson supported the passage of strong civil rights bill and signed it into law in 1964. The law banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations.
domestic policy -
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Johnson's presidency.
This resolution enabled the president and his advisors to expand the war. Senator believed it was a mistake to give the president war making powers without a declaration of war.
domestic/foreign policy -
Operation Rolling Thunder
Johnson's presidency.
president Johnson ordered this operation that was a bombing campaign in North Vietnam. He wanted to weaken the enemy's ability and will to fight.
foreign policy -
Johnson Doctrine
President Johnson's effort to fight communism and prevent it from spreading in the Unite States as well as efforts to improve relations with the Soviet Union.
foreign policy -
Medicaid/Medicare
Lyndon Johnson's presidency.
Part of creating the Great Society that Johnson spoke of was getting congress to authorize funds more medical programs like these. It provided health care for poor people and the elderly.
domestic policy -
Antiwar Movement -Protests
Johnson presidency.
War in Vietnam was greatly opposed by many Americans. They began a huge anti-war movement. Lots of activity took place on college campuses, groups like the SDS protested.
domestic policy -
Black Power/Black Panther Power
Johnson's presidency.
Black power movement was thought to be a call to violent action but Carmichael explained that Black Power was African Americans dependence on themselves to solve problems. Black Panther Party who rejected non-violence and called for a violent revolution.
domestic policy -
Pentagon Papers
Johnson's presidency.
The Pentagon Papers was a secret Department of Defense to study U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam.
foreign policy -
Tet Offensive
Johnson's presidency.
Tet Offensive was a series of massive coordinated attacks throughout South Vietnam. It made 1968 a crucial year in the Vietnam War.
foreign policy -
MLK Jr. Assassination
During Johnson's presidency, MLK jr. was assassinated while standing on the balcony of his motel. Within hours riots began and african Americans were outraged by his death.
domestic policy -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
A week after MLK Jr.s death president Lyndon Johnson signed for the Civil Rights Act of 1968. This act banned discrimination in employment.
domestic policy -
Twenty-Sixth Amendment
Richard Nixon's presidency.
This amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. McGovern, who was running in the elections hoped this would boost his chances cause many of his supporters were young people.
domestic policy -
War Powers Act
Richard Nixon's presidency.
Congress passed this act to help prevent another Vietnam from happening. The law reaffirmed Congress's right to declare war.
domestic policy -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Lyndon Johnson's presidency.
Johnson asked Congress for quick passage of a tough voting rights law. It was passed and African American Cilil Rights Movement leaders attended the signing ceremony on August 6. -
Domino Theory
Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency.
The domino theory was the belief if Vietnam fell to communism that other neighboring countries would too. The U.S. sent help to the French forces to help prevent this.
foreign policy