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Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Southern plantation owners were challenged to find help working the lands that slaves had farmed. Taking advantage of the former slaves' desire to own their own farms, plantation owners used arrangements. White land-owners liked that, because they didn't want black people to own their own land. -
Black Codes
Black codes were codes used by African-Americans southern states began to pass a series of discriminatory state laws. Race was defined by blood; the presence of any amount of black blood made one black. Employment was required of all freedmen; violators faced vagrancy charges. -
13th Amendment
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery. This means slaves were now not owned. They became free individuals. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment states "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The Citizenship Clause granted citizenship to All persons born or naturalized in the United States. -
15th Amendment
African-American men finally got the right to vote. They didn't have as many voting rights but they had rights. It took another act for African-American men to vote in the South. Where as in the North they were able to vote already. -
Orval Faubus
Faunus was a Democratic Governor of Arkansas. The demanded that blacks not be able to go to Little Rock's Central High School. Theses were the nine children that had troops with them when arriving to school to make sure they were protected. On September 27th the school system was the beginning of school integration. -
Jim Crows Law
This is a list of examples of Jim Crow laws, which were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. Jim Crow laws existed mainly in the South and originated from the Black Codes that were enforced from 1865 to 1866 and from prewar segregation on railroad cars in northern cities. -
Lynching
This is an act of killing someone primarily by hanging. Where by a mob a ground of people show up. They put a person usually of color in front of a white crowd and kill them. http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lynching/lynching.htm -
Plessy v. Ferguson
It was a landmark constitutional law case of the U.S Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". Homer Plessy was a light skinned gentleman. No one noticed but Plessy was siting in an all white car. Homer then refused to get up out of his seat and was later arrested and charged with violating the Separate Car Act. Judge Hohn H. Ferguson dismissed his contention. https://www.britannica.com/event/Plessy-v-Ferguson -
Desegregation
Desegregation is the ending of a policy of racial segregation. This meant that segregation was ended in a way. -
CORE
CORE stands for Congress of Racial Equality. This movement played a part in the civil rights movement. The national chairman was Roy Innis. In accordance with CORE's constitution and bylaws, in the early and mid-1960s, chapters were organized on a model similar to that of a democratic trade union. -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. President Ronald Reagan awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1984. http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01392.html -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court made the Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which had allowed for “separate but equal” public facilities, including public schools in the United States. This started the Brown v. Board of Education case. Segregation in public schooling was striked down. A year later the Courts decided to cancel desegregation "on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed." http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
Martin Luther King Jr.
King was a cicil rights activist and leader. One of the most important during his time. King wanted to cry out for help along with the people of color and get equality. King led a March on Washington in which 200,000 - 300,000 people attended. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a young african-american child killed upon false accusations of white children. He was betted by friends that he wouldn't talk to a white girl and hit on her. All he did was walk to where she was but immediately walked out. The girl lied to her boyfriend and said he spoke to her so along with her boyfriend his friend beat Till up. Shot him in the head and drowned him. They were found not guilty in the end of the trial. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks decided not to get out of her seat for a white man. She felt as if everyone should be equal. She was arrested later. Parks was a civil rights activist along side of Martin Luther King Jr. Parks was fined $10 and $4 along for court fees. https://www.biography.com/people/rosa-parks-9433715 -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was where African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956. The event that led up to the bus boycott was the Rosa Parks situation. Whites then were the only getting on the bus after that. The business started getting less money over time because African-Americans began to walk. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott -
SCLC
SCLC stands for Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The beginning of the SCLC goes back to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. As bus boycotts spread across the South, leaders of the MIA and other protest groups met in Atlanta on January 10 – 11, 1957, to form a regional organization and coordinate protest activities across the South.60 people from 10 states prepared and announced the founding of the Southern Leadership Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration. -
Little Rock Nine
Little Rock Nine was a group of nine brave high school students, known as the Little Rock Nine. All nine of the children were encouraged by the NAACP. They volunteered to be the first blacks to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Governor Faubus would not have it, and he ordered the Arkansas National Guard to block their entrance. The nine students would begin integration of Little Rock Central along with federal and nearby Army troops. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957 proposed by Attorney General Herbert Browned. The Act was the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights. It established the Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department. -
Non-Violent Protest
A non-violent protest is a protest in which it is a non violent protest. A protest in which has nothing to do with anyone physically. You move in peace. You speak on what you believe in such as a non-violent march. -
Civil Disobedience
The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. It was also called passive resistance, refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence. They feel as if the government shouldn't be impowered. Martin Luther King, Jr, James Bevel, Rosa Parks, and other activists in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s used civil disobedience techniques. -
Sit-ins
Sit-ins are where African-Americans sat in restaurants that did not serve them. They didn't order food they only at in the restaurants. This was to prove to the whites that they didn't care about how whites felt. They wanted equality. http://www.ushistory.org/us/54d.asp -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was a Supreme Justice Judge. In 1961, President Kennedy appointed him as a federal judge to the Second Circuit of Appeals in New York City. He argued several cases such as Miranda v. Arizona, Boynton v. Virginia, Brown v. B.O.E, and many more. http://thurgoodmarshall.com -
Freedom Riders
Freedom Riders is the powerful harrowing and ultimately inspirational story of six months in 1961 that changed America forever. Many indulged life inflicting injuries. They purposely violated Jim Crow's laws. They got on a bus to the Deep south and it was really bad for them. -
Ole Miss Integration
Riots opened at the University of Mississippi. This was between students and committed segregationists had gathered to protest the enrollment of James Meredith. H wanted to integrate all the white schools. He enrolled in the school and it was hell from there on. -
University of Alabama Integration
On June 10, 1963, President John F. Kennedy federalized National Guard troops and deployed them to the University of Alabama to force its desegregation. Two African-American children enrolled in the school the next day. Afterwards it started a movement. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/university-of-alabama-desegregated -
March on Washington
The March on Washington was led by Martin Luther King Jr. More than 200,000 to 300,000 people attended the march. Organized by a number of civil rights and religious groups, the event was designed to shed light on the political and social challenges African Americans continued to face across the country. -
Lester Maddox
Maddox served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. Lester was a populist Democrat. He refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, in defiance of the Civil Rights Act.He didn't want blacks in his restaurant so he made vulgar signs. He ended up closing his shop because blacks wanted to draw attention to it and show it was unfair and it gave his shop a bad look. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/us/lester-maddox-whites-only-restaurateur-and-georgia-governor-dies-at-87.html?mcubz=3 -
Stokely Carmichael
"When I first heard about the Negroes sitting in at lunch counters down South," he later recalled, "I thought they were just a bunch of publicity hounds.Carmichael became the only black member of a street gang called the Morris Park Dukes. Black Power represented Carmichael's break with King's doctrine.By the time he was elected national chairman of SNCC in May 1966, Carmichael had largely lost faith in the theory of nonviolent resistance that he—and SNCC—had once held dear. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. This act ended segregation in public places. President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson. -
George Wallace
Wallace was the 45th Governor of Alabama. He was not chosen at first until the second go round when the got the KKK on his platform in which changed everyones views on him and accepted him more. He was all for segregation and all the whites appreciated that. In 1963, Wallace led a "stand-in the schoolhouse door" to prevent two black students from getting into the University of Alabama. https://www.biography.com/people/george-wallace-9522367 -
Ceser Chavez
Chavez was an American labor leader and civil rights activist. In 1962 Chavez and Dolores Huerta,co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. In 1965, the fledgling Farm Workers Association voted and began a strike that had been initiated by Filipino farm workers. Within months Chavez and the union became nationally known. Chavez drew imagery of the civil rights movement, his insistence on nonviolence to the strike. http://www.history.com/topics/cesar-chavez -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This law was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. It was in response of Jim Crow's law. Hearings began on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act. TheJustice Department's efforts to eliminate discriminatory election practices by litigation on a case-by-case basis had been unsuccessful. -
Watts Riots
Referred to as Watts Rebellion located in Los Angeles. There were 34 people killed and 1000 injured in the Riot. The riot was between white cops and black motorist. It was $40 million dollars worth of damage. -
Black Panthers
In Oakland California during 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government. They fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs. -
Betty Friedan
Betty was an american writer, activist, and feminist. She was the co-founder of NOW. This was an organization for women's rights. Friedan fought for abortion rights by creating the NARAL Pro-Choice America in 1969. With the help of two women named Gloria Steinem and Bella Abzug, they created National Women’s Political Caucus in 1971. http://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/betty-friedan -
Title IX
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This applies to both public and private, that receive federal funds. Most private colleges and universities must abide by its regulations because they receive federal funding through financial aid programs used by their students.
