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13th Amendment
Adopted in 1865 eight months after the civil war ended, the amendment forbade slavery in the United States. It took Lincoln's Executive Order (the Emancipation Proclamation) and made it a “fix” on the constitution. -
14th Amendment
14th Amendment - declared that all persons born in the United States (except American Indian tribes) were citizens, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race and their rights were protected by due process of the law. (1868)
Southern States were required to sign off on it before they were allowed back in the U.S. (after the Civil War). -
15th Amendment
One of three amendments to the U.S. Constitution passed during the era of Reconstruction, granted African American men the right to vote (1870). This didn’t stop “tests” from being put into place to limit voting. -
Plessy v Ferguson
April 13, 1896 - May 18, 1986
Brown vs Board changed the voting. Homer plessy v John h Ferguson. Plessy fought for better black segregation. Plessy was forced to move while sitting on a train. U.S. Court ruled that states can constitutionally enact legislation (laws) requiring persons of different races to use “Seperate but equal” segregated facilities. -
19th Amendment
Guarantees all American women the right to vote. The women who protested and petitioned were called Suffragettes. Women had been trying to get the vote (officially) since 1848. -
Federal Housing Authority
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration -
Jim Crow Laws
These were laws put into place to separate African Americans from the Anglo (white) population; form of social and political control. They weren't valid laws but by a scilent agreement were put into place. Some states acctually enforced them, these laws are based off of slave laws. -
Black code
Local laws that attempted to control every aspect of Black life in many Southern cities; ranged from “stepping out of the way of a white person on the street” to “not making eye-contact with whites” to not being able to sell or purchase goods, shop in white owned stores or open your own establishment, own firearms, or gather in groups larger than 20. -
Sharecropping
Tenant farming, but you must also share a portion of your harvest with the landowner. This was a way for whites to still have slave without them actually being slaves. Most people who had to share crop were paid very little. -
Affirmative Action
Is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action -
Upward Bound
Is a national program that more than doubles the chances of low-income, first-generation students graduating from college so they can escape poverty and enter the middle class. http://www.coenet.us/COE_Prod_Imis/COE/NAV_Events/Upward_Bound_50th_Anniversary.aspx?&WebsiteKey=b12f8263-178f-40a8-8d8c-6c9b4e9bdf71&hkey=dea985d9-3485-4f67-b4bd-47a3004b6622&Tabs=4 -
Lynching
Originated as frontier justice- killing someone (usually by handing) deemed guilty of a crime without a trial or even proven to be guilty. These would be held place by common citizens over small things such as "Them looking at me wrong." Many lynchings were held by members and meetings of the KKK. -
Nonviolent Protest
The practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. NAACP and manyother orginizations practiced this method. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance -
Desegregation
The process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. Desgregation was a long period of time that not everyone accepted, desegregation caused many violent outbursts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation -
George Wallace
Governor of Alabama, he ran for U.S. President 4
times and fialed 4 times. He was a pro-segregationist. His most famous quiote is “I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever.” -
Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. Civil Disobedience can be seen as militant (violent) or non-violent. -
Brown v. Board
May 17, 1954
Linda brown was denied acceptance from the school closest to her, and was forced to go to an all black school on the other side of town. Plessy v Ferguson contradicted Brown vs board. It inspired education reform so there were no segregated schools. It also inspired colored people to fight for their equal rights. Violates the 14th amendment. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was the man that argued aginst the Browns in the case Brown v. Board. He argued for the right to keep the schools segregated and for Linda Brown to have to go to an all black school on the other side of town. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was famous for not moving from the front of the bus to the back where blacks where designated to sit. This event was first done by Claudette Colvin, but due to NAACP thinking it was bad publicity for a 15 year old pregnant (not married) girl to be the face chose Rosa to do the same thing. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Lasted from December 1955 to December 1956. It was lead by MLKJr, Rosa Parks, and NAACP
It started with Claudette but due to bad publicity, Rosa was chosen to be the main face. It ended with SCOTUS case Browder v Gayle that said segregated buses were
unconstitutional. -
Orville Faubus
Orville E. Faubus was most famous because he blocked the enrollment of nine black students who had been ordered by a federal judge to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School. In response to this President Dwight D. Eisenhower was forced to send federal troops to act as body guards for black students.
http://www.blackpast.org/1958-governor-orval-e-faubus-speech-school-integration -
The Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was also Congress's show of support for the Supreme Court's Brown decisions. The Brown v. Board of Education, eventually led to the integration of public schools. Following the Supreme Court ruling, Southern whites in Virginia began Violence against blacks rose there and in other states, as in Little Rock, Arkansas, where that year President Dwight D. Eisenhower had ordered in troops to protect nine children.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957 -
Sit-ins
Most well known sit-ins happened in Greensboro North Carolina when 4 University student who sat at a “whites only” counter and were refused service, refused to leave until the store closed. At this time (1960) a “whites only” counter would have been illegal. The protest went from 4 students to over 300. Protests spread and did not subside until the restaurant owner had lost ~ $200,000 in revenue and asked 3 of his black employees to sit at the counter and were served. -
Cesar Chavez
He was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist and co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW) His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavez -
Betty Friedan
An American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Friedan -
24th Amendment
Prevents Congress & the States from requiring a ”poll” tax before you can vote. Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia had (up until 1966) accumulative pol tax. This meant that you had to pay all missed payments from previous years. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.[6] It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964 -
Rights Act of 1965
It aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States.
www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act -
Head Start
The Head Start Program is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohs -
Martin Luther King Jr.
He was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement and was famous for his I have a dream speech. He fought for civil disobedience and demanded equal rights for Blacks including desegregation in all public facilitiesand life. He was arrested for protesting (peasfully) and was put in Birmingham jail. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. -
Hector P. Garcia
He was the founder of the American G.I. Forum. As a result of the national prominence he earned through his work on behalf of Hispanic Americans, he was instrumental in the appointment of Mexican American and American G.I. Forum charter member Vicente T. Ximenes to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1966, and was appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 1968. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_P._Garcia -
Lester Maddox
He had refused to serve black customers, when they protested and he lost money he gave in and started to serve all customers. Later he became a democratic governer and proved that he was agianst segregation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox -
26th Amendment
Prohibits the Federal government & the States from denying the ability to vote based on age - thus lowering the voting age to 18 (it was 21). -
Title IX (9)
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX
