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The rediscovery of the magnetic compass was profound in European history. With a technology that tells you where you're going, more exploration became possible which led to global exploration and ultimately the discovery of the Americas. The image shown is an old Chinese magnetic compass. “Compass.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/technology/compass-navigational-instrument. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
“Lateen Sail.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/technology/lateen-sail. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
“Petrarch’s Secret.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Petrarchs-Secret. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023.
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“Brunelleschi’s Dome: Its History and Secrets.” Firenze Made in Tuscany - Enjoy the Best of Florence: Events, Culture, Art, Style and Place (8), 26 Apr. 2021, www.firenzemadeintuscany.com/en/article/brunelleschis-dome-its-history-and-secrets/.
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Arguin: A Portuguese Fort in Mauritania, 1445-1633, hispanismo.org/english/13719-arguin-portuguese-fort-mauritania-1445-1633-a-print.html. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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The commercial use of Gutenberg's printing press was one of the most impactful events in Europe's history. It allowed mass communication and widespread learning throughout the continent. Most importantly, it got rid of the need to copy books down by hand and books would soon become mostly available to those of lower class. “Johannes Gutenberg.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023. -
“How Did the Hundred Years’ War End?” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/question/How-did-the-Hundred-Years-War-end. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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The "Reconquista" was a conquest of the Iberian peninsula that sought to liberate it from Muslim control. It began 722 AD and ended in 1492 AD with the capture of Granada by the catholic monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabela I of Castile. “Reconquista.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Reconquista. -
Admin. “The Alhambra Decree 1492 – Edict of Expulsion.” Encyclopedia.Migrationlaw.Org - Locus Iuris, 26 Oct. 2021, encyclopedia.migrationlaw.org/encyclopedia/the-alhambra-decree-1492-edict-of-expulsion/.
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Searching for India while sponsored by the Spanish crown, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic in the La Nina, La Pinta, and La Santa Maria. It is believed they landed in the Bahamas, where they would make their way to the other islands. This expedition would soon spark a new age of colonialism that would change the world. “Columbus Makes Landfall in the Caribbean.” education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/columbus-makes-landfall-caribbean/. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023. -
A treaty that screwed over Portugal by splitting the Americas down an imaginary line east to west too Spain's, unknowingly, massive benefit.
“Treaty of Tordesillas.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Tordesillas. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
“Vasco Da Gama Reaches India.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/vasco-da-gama-reaches-india. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris, et al. “Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait (1500).” " Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait (1500), smarthistory.org/albrecht-durer-self-portrait-1500/. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
Mercantilism is the emphasis on the accumulation of wealth and the advocation for lots of government intervention in their own economies. This idealogy led to governments wanting to use the colonies for their own financial gain I mean, national wealth. This eventually led to the slave trade and the revolutionary war. “Mercantilism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 31 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/money/topic/mercantilism.
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This event was important because it initiated the unfortunate rise in slave trading that world powers would use due to the popular demand during the colonizing of the Americas. "U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. . Encyclopedia.Com. 18 Oct. 2023 .” Encyclopedia.Com, Encyclopedia.com, 14 Nov. 2023, www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/atlantic-slave-trade.
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Was one of the most if not the most important humanist literature. It critiques the clergy in humorous ways and discusses how faith should be properly exercised, with humility and sincereness. This satirical essay was important to not only the reformation but also the counter-reformation. “Erasmus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 23 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist. -
The "School of Athens" by Raphael is one the most important artworks of the Renaissance. It depicts the greatest philosophers of the classical era and how their views have blended in with the new era. It represents the newfound pursuit of knowledge of the classics. “School of Athens.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/School-of-Athens. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
One of the most important books in politics, "The Prince" by Machiavelli teaches the art of how to acquire power in a state and keep it. The book is thought to show the dark side of politics and the first work of political science. It was dedicated to the grandson of Lorenzo de Medici. “The Prince.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 12 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/topic/The-Prince. -
A book about a perfect and ideal society.
“Utopia.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 29 Sept. 2023, www.britannica.com/topic/Utopia-by-More. -
The pieces of paper that would lead to the Protestant Reformation, the "95 Theses" were a collection of critiques and complaints against the catholic church that sought the banning of the sale of indulgences and the overall theological reform of the catholic church. It discusses how the pope is not a legitimate authority and that faith is the only way to salvation. “Martin Luther as Priest, Heretic, and Outlaw: The Reformation at 500.” www.loc.gov/rr/european/luther.html Accessed 13 Nov. 2023. -
The queen of France who raised even more kings and queens. For almost 20 years she was the most powerful woman in all of Europe and held France together through their own "French religion wars".
Mark, Joshua J. “Catherine de’ Medici.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 11 Nov. 2023, www.worldhistory.org/Catherine_de%27_Medici/. -
The Diet of Worms is where Martin Luther was tried as a heretic but quickly became unruly due to Martin Luther's refusal to recant his works. This led to his excommunication and exile. “Diet of Worms.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/event/Diet-of-Worms-Germany-1521. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023.
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“Magellan’s Expedition Circumnavigates Globe | September 6, 1522.” History.Com, A& E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/magellans-expedition-circumnavigates-globe. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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“Baldassare Castiglione.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/biography/Baldassare-Castiglione. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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“Siege of Vienna.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Vienna-1529. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
Diet discussing Ottoman invasion.
“Diet of Augsburg.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Diet-of-Augsburg. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023. -
“Act of Supremacy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Act-of-Supremacy-England-1534. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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“Institutes of the Christian Religion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Institutes-of-the-Christian-Religion. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023.
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“Anne Boleyn, Second Wife of King Henry VIII, Is Executed.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/anne-boleyn-is-executed. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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“On 27 September 1540, the Society of Jesus Received Papal Approval.” The Society of Jesus, www.jesuits.global/2021/09/26/on-27-september-1540-the-society-of-jesus-received-papal-approval/. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023.
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“Council of Trent.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 17 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent.
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“Schmalkaldic War.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Schmalkaldic-War. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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The Peace of Augsburg was monumental for the protestant reformation. It established that the ruler of the territory gets to choose the religion of that territory. Although there were problem this treaty nonetheless officially successfully split the church. “Peace of Augsburg.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 18 Sept. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg. -
“Academy of Art.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/art/academy-of-art. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023.
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Bodin, history.hanover.edu/texts/trier.html. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.
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“Spanish Armada Defeated | July 29, 1588.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spanish-armada-defeated. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023. -
“Dutch East India Company.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 7 Nov. 2023, www.britannica.com/money/topic/Dutch-East-India-Company. -
“The Bank of Amsterdam.” Exchange History, 13 Apr. 2017, www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/moment/the-bank-of-amsterdam/.
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End of the Eighty Year's War “Peace of Westphalia.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 17 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Westphalia.
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A war that led to further Spanish and French Decline.
“War of the Spanish Succession.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 10 Nov. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Spanish-Succession. -
England & Prussia vs France & Spain
“Seven Years’ War.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 8 Nov. 2023, www.britannica.com/event/Seven-Years-War. -
“Sistine Chapel.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 13 Oct. 2023, www.britannica.com/topic/Sistine-Chapel.