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The ratification of the 13th amendment ended slavery. The 13th amendment signified to bloodshed, and victory of the Union in the Civil War even though it happened eight months after the eend of the war.
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The 14th Amendment gave citizenship to African Americans. It also reaffirmed the rights of citizens.
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The 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote. However descrimination tactics still kept African Americans from voting.
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Homer Plessy was selected by the Citizens Committee to test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law. He, being 1/8th black, sat in a "whites only" area of a train. He was then later arrested and convicted in court of violatiing the law.
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Gonzalo Mendez was born in Mexico and by age 30 he became a citizen of the United States. When he registered his children for school in Westminster, California he expected them to attend the main school. However, they had to attend the Hoover School in another district. The courts final decision was that "seperate but equal" was not equal, and allowed the integration of Mexican-Americans into the white only schools because it wasn't decided that segregation was state policy.
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This was a court case to end segregation between Mexican-Americans and White-Americans in schools. Minerva Delgado argued it was unconstitutional to segregate schools and that it violated the 14th amendment that gave them equality.
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President Truman issued Executive Order 9981 which gave equal oopportunity in the armed services.
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Heman Sweatt was an African-American who wanted to be a lawyer and applied to Theophilus Painter who is the President of the University of Texas at Austion. He stated that he had every right just like every other Texan to go to this school and Texas did not have a law school for African-Americans so the state had to let him in.
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Linda Brown, and African American student, lived 5 blocks from an elematary school, but it was all white so she was not permitted to go. Linda had to go to a school that was 21 blocks instead.The final court decision over turned Plessy v. Ferguson and integrated the schools.
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Pete Hernandez v. Texas was a Supreme Court case that argued if the 14th amendment is violated when a person of a certain race is tried with a jury in which all of that race or ancestry have been excluded from the jury
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Passed during Eisenhowers Presidency, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the act that kick started the civil rights legislative program.The Bill aimed to ensure that all African Americans could exercise their right to vote.
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The 24th Amendment eliminated the poll tax that some states used to reestrict colored people of the votiing right.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended unequal opportunities for voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, and at the workplace.
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state level that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment
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The Edgewood Independent School District vs Kirby was concerning public school finance issues, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Funding filed a suit against commissioner of education William Kirby, District Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs by finding Texas’ public school finance system unconstitutional
