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17,982 BCE
The Bering Land Bridge
The Bering Land Bridge was a very significant role in the exploration era. It connected the two continents of Asia and North America together. Today, the oceanic division between North America and Asia is called the Bering Strait. During the Ice Age, earths water was made into glacier ice, and lowered sea levels throughout all regions, exposing the Bering Land Bridge and connected these two continents. It made way for a lot of migration and settlement into north america. -
Period: 2000 BCE to
Beginning to Expansion
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1400 BCE
The Aztec Empire
The Aztec Empire was perhaps one of the more significant empires that we know today. The Aztecs were significant in their architectural knowledge.Culture, art, and even language used in the Aztec Empire can still be found in some parts of Mexico. Their language played an important role in their civilization. As stated before, The Aztecs were accomplished artist and architects and built an extraordinary capital city. After tensions with the Spanish Army rose, Cortes' army made the Aztec fall. -
1000 BCE
The Eastern Woodland People (Indians)
The Eastern Woodland People consisted of many Indian tribes that were settled in the eastern part of the united states, as well as Canada. The climate in where these Indians settled were moderate-climate areas with numerous lakes and rivers. The complex tribe of the Eastern Woodland people were divided into classes, including having a chief. Conflict with other tribes mainly consisted of territorial purposes. Overall, the natives were deer hunters and made weapons, and harvested crops as well. -
500 BCE
The Maya
The Mayan Empire was one of the more dominant and indigenous empires of Mesoamerica. Their civilization excelled in architecture, hieroglyphic writing and of course their creation of the calendar. The Mayan empire lived in three different sub-areas, all with their own distinct environmental and cultural differences. Most societies connected with the Maya were soon abandoned. To this day, it has been unknown to know why the Mayan civilization became lost and abandoned to mesoamerican societies. -
1347
The Black Death
The Black Death was the major outbreak of the Bubonic Plague that hit Asia and Europe. The disease first came from "death ships" that surfaced in Messina, Italy, but even before they landed, there were already rumors around Europe speculating a pestilence that was making its way across trade routes. The disease was highly contagious by air, or by getting into contact with fleas and/or rats. Because of the lack of knowledge in that time, no one truly knew how the disease came to be at the time. -
1450
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was one of the most famous periods in history. It took time in between the middle ages and modern time, and was an avid period for European culture, artistic, political, and an economic rebirth. The word Renaissance means "rebirth". The renaissance is best known for artistic innovations and developments. This a very uplifting occurrence, considering the fact that before, Europe was flooded with epidemics and a lowered economy state. The renaissance will make way for a new way. -
Period: 1492 to
English Colonial Society
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1500
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the outcome of the voyages Christoper Columbus sailed to the new world. The discovery of the new world boomed the idea of mercantilism within Europe. Mercantilism is the idea or the belief in the benefits and/or profits in trading. The Columbian Exchange birthed the discovery of new crops and animals, as well as manifested the way for slavery. The old world brought many things to the new world and vice versa, including diseases that wiped out many native tribes. -
The Triangular Trade
The triangular trade was a trading network, starting in the late 16th century. The most prominent and best known triangular trading network is the transatlantic slave trade. This trade network carried slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods as well. The reason for it's name (Triangular Trade) was because the route connects to three points. West Africa, American Colonies, and Europe. The reason for slaves being traded was for the Colonies. The colonies need slaves for labor to make cash crops. -
Period: to
Colonial America To 1763
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New England Colonies
The New England Colonies consisted of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, Rhode Island, as well as Providence Plantations. The New England colonies were rather established from English settlers because of discrepancies towards the Church of England. Puritans and Pilgrims sought to reestablish their religion as what they believed their God intended it to truly be. -
The Caribbean Colonies
The discovery of the Caribbean Colonies was first introduced by a man named Christopher Columbus. The Caribbean was a great source, and was the center for a big cash crop, Sugar. The society was based on slave labor, due to the high demand of sugar across the globe. The Caribbean Colonies were mostly an agricultural based society. Innovation was prominent as well, islands changed from small farms growing cash crops to big plantations requiring a vast majority of land. -
The Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake Colonies consisted of Virginia, Maryland, and other southern colonies. These colonies got their name from the Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake Colonies made their fortune and revenue from cash crops such as tobacco. Jamestown (Virginia) was not a stable place to live when it first kicked off, but tobacco would soon change that. Diseases such as malaria will inevitably cause the Chesapeake Colonies to wipe out. Tobacco and its value did contribute to the demand for slavery. -
Proprietary Colonies
The only Proprietary Colonies in the original 13 colonies included Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. These were colonies in which the favorites from the British Crown were rewarded land in the new world (Proprietary Colonies) to help supervise and develop the land. Proprietary Colonies are governed by a Lord Proprietor, with an authority reminiscent of an independent sovereign. New York started off as a Proprietary colony, but soon then formed into a Royal Colony. -
Charter Colonies
The Charter Colonies were written contracts established by the British King, as well as American Colonists. With the share that these two parties had, the government could not be changed, or altered without the consent of both parties. The Charter Colonies were made up of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. These colonies were self-governed. For Connecticut, the charter was not granted until 1662. For Rhode Island, 1663. Lastly for the Massachusetts bay colony, 1684. -
The Salem Witch Trials
In the spring of 1692, the infamous Salem Witch Trials began. It really all started after a group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to be possessed by evil and satanic spirits, and granted the ability to know who is a witch and who isn't. It became such a phenomenon that trail cases were conducted, and if found guilty of being a witch, the penalty will be death. After the young girls go on and accused about eighty settlers, people began to become suspicious, thus fading the trust. -
Colonial Economies
The economy that the original 13 colonies possessed was mainly based off of Mercantilism. Mercantilism is the belief in benefits of trade that can be profitable. As the colonies grew, so did industries/factories. Colonist's mainly relied on small farms and took care of themselves quite well. By the 18th century, the New England colonies developed large scale ships. Maryland, Virginia, as well as both North and South Carolina grew staple crops. The middle colonies were shippers for goods. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening were christian revivals that swarmed the English colony. A philosophical movement deriving from Europe was making it's way across the Atlantic, onto the 13 colonies named the Enlightenment. People that believed in the Enlightenment had an idea that made them look at the world at a scientific and logical way, downplaying religion. John Edwards, and George Whitefield helped in the Great Awakening. The colonies needed a renewal of faith and thus the Great Awakening was sculpted. -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a movement in the 18th century that was very philosophical. A few famous and well known people recognized for their scientific attributions who took part in this movement included Benjamin Franklin, and Galileo. Scientific research and studies from scientists and philosophers made them view the world with logic instead of religion. These ideas would soon spread to the 13 colonies. The Enlightenment paved way for other historical events as well such as the great awakening. -
Seven-Years War / French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years War) was the conflict between the British and the French. The war was mostly caused over the British and French going at it to obtain and acquire land, westward from the 13 colonies. Lieutenant Colonel George Washington was in charge of the Virginia Militia, and helps the Colonies remarkably during the war. The Ohio company was made up of planters who wanted to buy land in the west to sell to settlers. The French didn't approve, thus war. -
Slavery
During the 17th and 18th centuries, slavery was heavily practiced throughout the original 13 colonies. Slaves were imported from the Transatlantic Triangular Slave Trade, and were used to cultivate cash crops, as well as being forced to participate in harsh labor by their masters. The first slaves were brought by a dutch ship, and carried 20 African slaves to Jamestown. Slaves then replaced the use of indentured servants. Industrialization soon boomed slavery to it's limit, with the cotton gin. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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The Revenue/Sugar Act
The Aftermath of the French and Indian War left Britain with heavy financial debt. In order to help, Parliament made up the Sugar Act. Its predecessor "The Molasses Act" was a tax of six pence per gallon, but was never effective due to corruption. Parliament decided to adjust regulations, and imposed the Sugar Act. This act imposed taxes on sugar, wine, coffee, and more such as the exportation of lumber and iron. This lead to a fall in the economy, and made tensions with colonists and British. -
Virtual Representation
The idea of Virtual Representation is that the members of Parliament such as the Lords had the right to speak for every British subject, instead only speaking for the districts that elected them. Ultimately, this led to conflicts and discrepancies between the colonists and the British Parliament. This also led to the British Crown Policy of salutary neglect, which evidently means that the English colonies were obedient to England. Militias, and Autonomous Governance were formed as well. -
The Townshend Act
The Townshend Acts were imposed by the British Parliament, towards the American Colonies to put a taxation on imported goods. The colonist didn't have any representation towards Parliament saw this act as an abuse of power, and did not support it. British then sent troops to the colonies to force the acts on the colonists, evidently making tensions even greater, building up towards the Revolutionary War. The repeal of this act was not until a massacre took place in Boston, then it was repealed. -
Problems with the British
The United States have always had conflicts with the British throughout American History. They first started because the tariffs and acts imposed on the colonies. The colonist's did not enjoy the taxation of goods, so rebellion became predominant, and issues began to arise. Incidents such as the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party increased the tension between the colonies and the British. The Revolutionary war was the sum of the tension, and after the war, the tension scared the nation. -
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre is one of the most recognized events in all of us history. When Parliament forced and imposed taxes on the thirteen colonies and sent British troops to enforce them, the colonists were upset, causing revolts and riots. After a mob of patriots were harassing, throwing rocks and sticks, British troops felt the need to take action. The troops fired into the mob, killing 3 instantly, and wound 8. This event led to the repeal of the Townshend Act, and led to the revolutionary war. -
The Boston Tea Party
The Boston tea party was one of the more significant and one of the more popular reasons on why the Colonists wanted independence from the British Parliament. When the British put tariffs on tea and other produced goods being imported into the colonies, the colonists were very frustrated and angry about this, and wanted to make the British notice. Events such as the Boston Massacre enraged the colonists even more. In result of all this commotion, American colonists dumped 342 chests of tea. -
Royal Colonies
The Royal Colonies were apart of British's original 13 colonies in early america. In total, there were a number of 8 royal colonies (also known as Provincial Colonies) that consisted of the states New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The reason these colonies are called "Royal Colonies" is because they are controlled by the king. The colonies appoint a Royal Governor, elected by landowners and freeholders. -
The Battle of Concord
The Battle of Concord (as well as Lexington), was the first battles off of the Revolutionary War. There are many different indicators that attributed to lead up to this war, such as the Townshend Act, and the Stamp Act. As the British marched towards Concord, Pennsylvania, a man named Paul Revere went on a midnight horse ride from town to town to warn the colonists that the British were on there way, and to become prepared. The American settlers greatly won the war, proving themselves to win. -
The Battle of Lexington
The causes leading up to the Battle of Lexington are predominantly the same as for The Battle of Concord. The Stamp Act and Townshend Act caused great commotion and tension between the British Parliament and the American Colonists, leading up to what is the revolutionary war and the Battle of Lexington was the war that started it all. The first gunshot was remembered as the "Shot heard round the world". The American Colonists won the war, proving to the British that the Americans weren't a joke. -
The Battle of Saratoga
Many find that the Battle of Saratoga was indeed a turning point in the American Revolutionary War. The Battle of Saratoga was fought as two separate battles, eighteen days apart. After the British army took over Fort Ticonderoga, General John Burgoyne was confident enough in the war to make another victory. But the American colonists won the second battle. Many find this the turning point because of the French's support towards the colonists after the battle, going against the British together. -
The Massachusetts Constitution
The Constitution of Massachusetts was the official governing document for Massachusetts. It's the world's oldest functioning written constitution. John Adams, the Author for this Constitution, shaped the way for the actual U.S. Constitution. The Massachusetts Constitution was a mere model for the Constitution. This included statements in the document such as, "All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights". Same structure as the constitution. -
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were known as the original 13 colonies's first type of constitution. The Articles of Confederation served as a document explaining the colonies' government system. At the time the British Parliament was taking control of the Colonies by setting tariffs on imported goods, as well as enforce laws that the colonists didn't support and partake. The document was composed of 13 total articles setting rules and regulations of the colonies central government. -
Changes in Transportation
The Industrial Revolution depended on transporting goods and raw materials over long distances to ensure economic growth. The three main types of transportation that received growth were waterways, roads, and railroads. The expansion of the U.S. towards the west made for new settlers, meaning more goods transported towards the west. Canals were widened, the first steamboat was created by John Fitch, and roads improved immensely during this time period. Railroads were faster, and cheaper as well. -
The Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention of 1787, was located in Philadelphia. The main purpose for this convention was to discuss and address the problem of the nation having a weak central government. The reason for the weak central government was because the Articles of Confederation was becoming out of date, and inapplicable to the states. George Washington, as well as other delegates were present during the convention. The constitution became ratified in 1789, and the document is still used today. -
The Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was the planning and settlement, as well as organizing Northwest Expansion in the United States. The States wanted to expand their nation by moving Northwest. After Virginia proposed to extend its land to congress, the other states became comfortable doing that as well. The ten new northwestern territories selects constitutions from states, until the population reaches 20,000 to join the confederation. The Northwest Ordinance helped the colonies become a bigger nation. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was a series of violent events and attacks made towards government property such as courthouses, because of the discrepancies with the government. The causes of Shay's Rebellion was mainly due to the lack of compensation the government gave farmers when they fought in the Revolutionary War. Settlers in Massachusetts were paying higher taxes than what the British imposed on them. Daniel Shays led rebellions towards courts. The aftermath resulted in ideas of the Constitution. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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The Election of 1788
The Election of 1788 was the first presidential election in the United States of America. George Washington was the First President of the United States. The election did use the electoral college system as well, a policy that is still being used to this day. Citizens cast a vote to choose state electors, to then choose the president. The President and Vice President are the only federal officials chosen by the Electoral College, the other officials are chosen by popular vote, still to this day. -
Period: to
New Republic
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Two Competing Forms of Government
The two competing forms of government derive from the political views of Federalists, and Anti-Federalists, Alexander Hamilton siding with the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson with the Anti-Federalists. The views that Hamilton had was to have a strong central government, while Jefferson favored states' rights. Hamilton believed that the "common man" is not capable of self government, and wanted high qualification to vote, but Jefferson opposed these views as he believed the polar opposite. -
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights consisted of the first ten amendments in the United States Constitution. The Bill of rights is a derivative of the Magna Carta, strongly influenced by the Virginia Declaration of Rights, as well as the English Bill of Rights. The amendments were written by James Madison. The amendments list and explain prohibitions on governmental power, and regulations, as well as rights the people have. Federalists didn't find the need to have a Bill of Rights, while Anti-Federalists did. -
The Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a uprising that consisted of angry farmers and distillers who went on protests because of the taxation on whiskey. This tax was created by the Federal Government, following the disputes on taxes years before that ultimately led to the Revolutionary War. The states suffered from debt after the American Revolution, so Alexander Hamilton proposed a tax on whiskey. This created so much violence that Washington sent a militia. In response, the whiskey tax became repealed. -
Slavery
Slavery in the United States was a legal occurrence at the time, and was seen as a norm in Americas early society. The industrial revolution played a part in causing a dramatic spike in the salve population, because of agricultural advances like the Cotton Gin. This was because the Cotton Gin provided a faster easier way to pick cotton. As America continues to expand westward, more states will be formed into slave states because of their environment. Slaves took the place of indentured servants. -
Free Black Communities
Free African Americans at this time (1800's) were more common than you would think. Free blacks would want to gravitate towards the northern cities because of the jobs and opportunities it can grant them. The free black communities would have their own churches, for example St. Thomas African Episcopal Church that was established by Absalom Jones.There were very limited opportunities for free African Americans.Because of economic discrimination, free black established their own institutions. -
The Election of 1796
The election of 1796 was the first presidential election to have two political party systems. The two candidates for this election are Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. With it being the first election to engage in a two party system, the second highest vote will become vice president but the problem was to have a President and a VP in different parties. Adams won the election, and Jefferson became his VP. The following four years was the only time a President and VP were from different parties. -
American Virtue (late 18th Century)
Republicanism in the United States was based off philosophical political views. It was based off limiting and excluded corruption and greed within the nation. It was an idea that people would be faithful and loyal in their civil performance. This was different than the monarchy England has, and used to enforce on the colonies. Republicanism in the U.S was represented far more than a form of government, it represented a way of living life, and a total rejection of aristocracy, and monarchy. -
Adam's Presidency
John Adams was a federalist, and was the second president of the United States. He was also Washington's Vice President as well. Adam's was the first president to be apart of the Federalist party. John Jay was sent to negotiate a treaty with the British to remove British forts from territories in the northwest in the United States. Adams also imposed the Alien and Sedation Acts, which allowed the federal government to deport non-citizen. Also punished Americans who spoke against the government. -
Changes in Agriculture
The industrial revolution paved way for many new technological advances in America, and as well as around the world. In the American Industrial Revolution, Agriculture had dramatic changes. New and improved techniques, as well as improved livestock breeding, made way for a boom in food production were major outcomes for agriculture during the industrial revolution. An increase in food production means an increase in population as well. More farmland became available as well for a lot of crops. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Election of 1800
The Election of 1800 was the presidential election between candidates Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams. This was considered a rematch of the election of 1796. The two political parties are still in effect, and have the same political views as well. This election is also named "The Revolution of 1800" because this election was the first to switch the power in America from one party to another, Thomas Jefferson won the battle. This election was characterized by personal attacks towards each party. -
The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was the purchase of land from France that brought 530,000,000 acres of territory into the United States. The amount spent on the land was to be an estimated $15 million, which is equivalent to over $300 million today. The land granted from this purchase doubled the size of the United states. 15 states were eventually created because of the purchase. Jefferson soon sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to go on an expedition to explore the territory acquired from France. -
Hamilton Vs. Burr
Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr were long time political antagonists towards each other. When Burr ran for vice president on the Democratic-Republican party, Hamilton set up a series of public attacks at Burr. After Burr and Hamilton were running against each other as governor for the Federalist party, Hamilton became victorious. To restore his reputation, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Burr shoots Hamilton, who would then die the next day. Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career. -
The Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by congress, and signed by president Thomas Jefferson. This was during the Napoleonic Wars that were fought between France and Britain, and the United States being neutral. The act was supposed to show Britain and France their dependence on American goods, convincing the French to stop neutralizing United States' Navy ships. The act actually worsened conditions for American trade, prohibiting the United States from voyages. The Embargo Act ended in 1809. -
Technological Benefits of War of 1812
There were many technological advances that were created during The war of 1812. One of these technological benefits are the weapons involved in the war. These weapons included The Musket, Calvary Weapons, Field Artillery such as cannons, and their navy as well. The invention of the Cotton Gin revolutionized the production of cotton. The Cotton Gin speeds up the process of taking the seeds out of cotton fiber. It was invented by Eli Whitney, The Cotton Gin boomed slavery in the United States. -
The War of 1812
The War of 1812 was the war between the United States and Britain. Some call this the sequel Revolutionary War because of the same opponent Americans are at war with. The War of 1812 was caused by the British restricting U.S. trade, as well as the idea of territorial expansion. Another cause of The War of 1812 was the impressment of American seamen, taking them and forcing them to become apart of the British Royal Navy against their will. The Treaty of Ghent was signed, which ended the war. -
Madison's Presidency
James Madison was elected president in the election of 1808. He defeated federalist candidate Charles Pinckney. The United States was still facing problem during this time, after the embargo. During his time as president, Madison did issue and declare war on Britain in 1912 but America at the time was not prepared for war, with insufficient funding, and not properly organizing an army. Madison contributed to the ratification of The United States Constitution by writing The Federalist Papers. -
The Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was considered important because it did in fact pave the way for the establishments of some reformation movements such as the Temperance Movement, Woman's Suffrage Movement, and the Abolitionist Movement as well. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1800's, and it's purpose was to awaken and change people's lifestyle. The Second Great Awakening accomplished the enrollment of new members in different types of religions, and abolitionist movements in the north. -
Abolitionist
The ideas and formation of abolitionists arose around the time of the second great awakening. The abolitionists wanted to emancipate (free) all the slaves that were in the United States. They wanted an end to racism and discrimination towards African Americans. The Second Great Awakening cause a spike in these beliefs, because of it's impact on America's political, social, and economic views. Famous Abolitionists include Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, as well as William Harrison. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy in the United States, and was enunciated by President James Monroe in his annual message towards congress. Monroe claimed that the Old World and New World are both different systems and should remain distinct from each other. The United States promised to stay out of European business, and for Europe to stay out of Americas. It blocked/restricted European interference with the United States. The aftermath resulted in no altercations towards neither side. -
Presidency of John Q. Adams
John Quincy Adams was elected the sixth president of the United States, and served as a diplomat, senator, and was a member of the house of representatives. John Q Adams believed in the progressiveness of education, roads, and canals. Congress was more open towards Jackson's views as oppose to Adams'. Adams was continuously accused of corruption, as well as receiving criticism for his unpopular domestic programs. Adams was also the author of the Monroe Doctrine, which cut the ties with Europe. -
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was a philosophy in America. Transcendentalism was an idea that men and woman alike have knowledge of themselves and the world around them that transcends, going above and beyond from what they can hear, see, feel, or touch. The Transcendental Club was founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson, an American Philosopher. The Transcendence Club had views that weren't very popular to a normal citizen. Critics note that Emerson was proclaimed an atheist. -
Election of 1828
The Election of 1828 consisted of two candidates, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. It's seen as one of the most significant elections of U.S. history because of the implementation of campaign techniques to win the people's vote. This election is a rematch between the candidates. the two candidates would go at each other during their campaign, Jackson being personally attacked. Hateful remarks towards his wife made him believe that was the cause of her death, before Jackson's inauguration. -
The Spoils System
The spoils system was the practice of employing people for federal jobs because of their support someone's campaign. For example, when Andrew Jackson was elected president, he was known for abusing this system. The way he did this was by terminating existing government employees, and giving those positions to his supporters as a reward. Some of the supporters and friends that were gifted these positions were in no way qualified for them, as well as have no political or governmental experience. -
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was elected the seventh president of the United States of America. He was known for being a military hero because of his contributions towards the war of 1812. Andrew Jackson was also a land owner. Jackson was responsible for horrible incidents such as the Trail of Tears, and the Panic of 1819. This was because of Jackson wanting land from the Cherokee Indians. The poorly economical choices Andrew Jackson made caused the Panic of 1819, closing banks and an economic collapse. -
Labor Changes
The extensive labor changes during the industrial revolution were dramatically two sided. Since the boom of agriculture, and more people are starting to settle west, there was plenty of room for job opportunities whether it be working on a railroad, or mining. Factories were also flooded with job opportunities. These job opportunities were good for poor families that were trying to make a living. The downsides of these labor changes is the harsh conditions they would make children work in. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement was a social movement in the United States, and was against the consumption of alcohol. People living in America had concluded people weren't living morally correct, were a threat to America's political system, and feared that God would no longer bless the U.S. This movement turned into an actual organization, and the advocates would go onto construct a convention. The Temperance Movement declined in the late nineteenth early twentieth century, but the morals didn't. -
Sam Houston
Sam Houston was born in Virginia in 1793, and at first was a lawyer . Sam Houston settled into Texas in 1832, and after the battle of Gonzales, Sam Houston wanted to help organize Texas's army. Sam houston also led the battle of San Jancinto which he gained victorious, by beating Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. He was known as the commander in chief of the Texas army as well. He was also made the first official president of The Republic of Texas. -
Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis was a confrontation and tensions between South Carolina and the federal government. Jackson, who was the President of the United States at the time, was imposing tariffs to protect the industry in the north. The Tariff Act of 1832 was a sort of remedy towards the Tariff Act of 1828. After threatening the union with secession, Jackson passed the force bill which enforced the collection of tariffs. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 will lower tariffs over the next 10 years. -
The Whig Party
The Whig Party was a political party system that was organized in 1834. Jackson was taking over office by defeating the Republican Party in the elections. The Whigs were in total opposition with Jackson and the Democratic Party. The Whigs believed in a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvement to the nation. The Whig Party expanded railroads, and created the public school system. The Whig Party ended during the 1950's, and formed the foundation of the new Republican Party. -
Millenialism
Millenialism was the idea and belief that Jesus Christ would come for the second time, resulting in the end of the world.. This caused for religious widespread across the nation. A preacher named William Miller engaged in millenialism. Miller gained thousands of followers by having a prediction on when Christ's second coming would occur. Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints would be named Mormons. A man named Joseph Smith was the prophet and leader of the Mormon Church. -
Battle of Gonzales
The battle of gonzales was the first actual military battle of the Texas Revolution. it was fought in Gonzales, Texas, and because of conflicts between the texian army, and the mexican army as well. The Battle of Gonzales wasn't big battle, but rather a skirmish, which is a small fight between small armies or fleets. This battle had an impact because it made a fine line between texas settlers, and the mexican troops, and was the battle that kicked off the Texas Revolution. -
Battle of Goliad
The battle of goliad was the second altercation between the Mexican army against the Texian army. This war was before the battle at the alamo. The battle of goliad was considered to be more of a skirmish, and the second skirmish of the texas revolution. When Texas settlers elected captain George Collinsworth, they decided to march towards a Mexican fort at Presidio La Bahia in goliad, assuming Mexican general cos was there. The result of this battle was a Texian Victory. -
Siege of Bexar (Alamo)
The siege of bexar was considered the iconic war for the Texas Revolution. Mexican troops that were under the lead of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna launched an attack on Texians near which is now modern day San Antonio, killing Texan defenders. The grass fight was a small battle between Texians including James Bowie. When bowie began to attack mexican troops, the troops fled to Bexar, where they would then cease an attack on them. -
Changes in Communication
The industrial revolution made communication advances as well. Before the industrial revolution made it's way to America, people had very limited ways of communicating. The industrial revolution brought communication devices such as the Typewriter, Telegraph, and the Phonograph as well. The Telegraph allowed for instant communication at the speed of shifting electrons, rather than that of horse wagons sending a message in a bottle. Communication will continue to advance into the modern day. -
Trail of Tears
In Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida are 125,000 settled Native Americans. Whites that lived in the west weren't exactly friendly towards the Native American tribes they would encounter. At first to solve this, they tried civilizing Native Americans, making them more like whites. Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, forcing Natives out of western territories. Forced out of their homes, the Natives traveled more than 1,200 miles and more than 5,000 died along the way. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It was an abolitionist novel, that was widely popular in northern states
because of its depiction of slavery in the U.S. at the time. The book tells the story of a slave named Tom that is being transported to be sold. He saves the life of Little Eva, whose father then buys tom. When Eva died, she wanted her dad to free his slaves. While he was about to, he is killed, and uncle tom is bought by another master who whips him to death. -
Manifest Destiny
manifest destiny was the idea of westward expansion in the united states of america. This idea was motivated by the belief that it was god's destiny to make sure that America would be a whole nation, from coast to coast. While the many positives of manifest destiny included enthusiasm for expanding the nation, there were many negatives as well. Native Americans living in the west at that time were either forced to move out of their homes, or to be killed upon refusal. -
Underground Railroad
The underground railroad was a system or a network of people that consisted of African Americans, as well as whites too for offering shelter, and to give help to the runaway slaves from the south, migrating towards the north. The founder and builder of the Underground Railroad was a lady/slave Harriet Tubman. Harriet
Tubman made a total of 19 trips to the south and escorted more than 300 slaves to their freedom. -
Mexican American War
The Mexican - American War had many causes towards it. The most popular cause of the Mexican - American War was the Americans belief if Manifest Destiny. When Americans were colonizing towards the west, they inevitably ran into Mexico, and wanted to claim there land whether it be by buying it, or war. The Mexican's refused to sell land to the Americans, but the Americans weren't going to give up their strong beliefs. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the Mexican - American War. -
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Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush was in effect when gold was found by a person named James W. Marshall. When word spread about the gold found in California, more than 250,000 people to settle in California, wanting to get lucky and maybe find gold. The word of the gold rush in California, specifically San Francisco, spread across the globe. In 1848, 4,000 miners were in the area. People seeking fortune in gold were called the forty niners since the year 1849 caused an increase in gold found. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was actually the first convention for Woman's Rights. This convention was because of religious, civil, and social rights for woman as well. During the convention, discussions on resolution for woman's rights were more than prominent, in fact a total of eleven solutions were created. The only solution that didn't get passed was the right to let woman vote. ultimately, with speeches from Fredrick Douglass, it became approved. -
Architecture
The architecture in the United States took inspirations from a lot of things and places. Architecture in America would go on to take inspirations from places such as Greece. Buildings and Monuments such as The United States Capital Building. During this time there was areas called "slums" that were relatively low cost community home that didn't have the best living conditions. Germans that migrated to the United States brought their architectural ideas as well, as they settled in new York. -
Popular Sovereignty
Popular sovereignty was a political doctrine that made people determine their own nature of their government. This applied in america by the states that were federal land, and if they wanted to join the union. Another Example would be slave states. It was used in determining whether a state should enter the union as a free state, or as a slave state. Popular Sovereignty was in the Compromise of 1850. -
Compromise of 1850
Senator Henry Clay brought and introduced some resolutions concerning the crisis that was happening between the northern states and the southern states. The fugitive slave act was one of the outcomes of the compromise of 1850, and abolished slavery in Washington, D.C. Other outcomes include the admission of California to be entered as a free state, popular sovereignty in the state of Utah and New Mexico, as well as the federal consumption of Texas's debt. -
Kansas - Nebraska Act
The Kansas - Nebraska Act was an act that allowed the people living in the states of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to become a free state or a slave state. This bill was appointed and created by Abraham Lincoln's opponent, Stephen A. Douglas. The conflicts that grew between anti - slavery states and slavery states was in the aftermath of the Kansas - Nebraska Act led to the violence that is popularly known as Bleeding Kansas. The 36 30 line was developed as well. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas was the violent outburst and confrontation in the united states over the debate of whether Kansas should become a free state, or a slavery state. This is arguably considered the first battles or pre - battles of the civil war, because of the confrontations between Anti - Slavery forces and people who supported the views of slavery meet for the first time. Pro slavery and slavery settlers flooded towards Kansas to influence a decision that ultimately resulted in violence. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant was the eighteenth president of the United States of America. Ulysses S. Grant was the commander of the union armies during the later years of the American Civil War. During the Civil War, Grant did help recruit and equip troops. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general, and was heavily trusted with commands of all the armies in the United States. Grant entered the white house in 1869, and although an inexperienced politician, he brought fresh ideas to the table. -
Election of 1860
The Presidential Election of 1860 was the election between candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and Stephen A. Douglas (Democrat). There was a republican convention that opposed the extension of slavery, even though members of that party wanted the total abolition of slavery. The Election of 1860 is considered to some the first out of three most critical election in Unites States History. The results that concluded the election was the victory of Abraham Lincoln. -
The North
The northern states of the united states were highly populated. an estimated 22 million people lived in the north. With the spike of industrialization during the antebellum period, they outproduced the south. Industries in the north at the time were estimated to be worth a total of 1.5 billion dollars. The goods manufactured by factories in the north included clothing, fabrics, and weapons. The north was able to transport a vast majority of materials due to 30,000 miles of railroad as well. -
The South
During the Antebellum Period (civil war) the southern states had an estimated population on 9 million. Around 4 million to be enslaved African Americans. The manufacturing taking place in the south couldn't compare to the manufacturing advances in the north. Although industrialization in the south wasn't prominent, the southern states had good military leadership. The southern states saw themselves as Patriots, and in fact wanted close ties with Britain as well. -
Robert E. Lee
Robert E Lee was a Confederate General in the Civil War. Robert E. Lee started off as being a Confederate soldier, and later on became the commander of the Confederate States' Army. Lee was mostly known for his great role in leadership, and had developed the most successful Confederate Armies. Lee had the belief that to claim victory in the War, was to have a win in the north, but that plan ultimately failed. Lee was General from 1862 until 1865, when he surrendered to the Union Army. -
Trent Affair
The Trent Affair is considered a diplomatic conflict between the U.S. and Britain. U.S. Navy officer Charles Wilkes captured two envoys of a British ship that was called "The Trent". The British wanted to blame the United States for disrupting and violating the British neutrality. The Confederate States wanted to deploy diplomats to Europe, and the union terminated two diplomats. After that, Britain wanted an apology from the United States, which then led to tensions and threats between the two. -
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Civil War
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Conscription Act
The congress of the Confederate States of America issued and passed the Conscription Act. This Act was also known as the
Enrollment Act. The Conscription Act made all white males ages from eighteen through thirty five would be eligible to get drafted the to Confederate Army, and fight the Civil War. This was mostly because of the lack of soldiers and troops on the Confederate States, unlike the north. The Conscription Act also was able to assist and provide man power towards the Union. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was created and formed by President Abraham Lincoln. He passed this Proclamation to officially free slaves nationwide, and from rebellious states (the south). The southern states did not pay no attention, and completely ignored the Emancipation Proclamation. These slaves would be allowed free up until the Confederate States of America rejoins with the Union States. until the north won the civil war, Emancipation of slavery wasn't a guarantee option. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
The ten percent plan was a idea for reconstructing the United States during the civil war. It was sort of like a blueprint for reconstruction. The ten percent plan states that a state belonging to the south could become apart of the Union if voters (ten percent of them) swore an oath of allegiance towards the Union. In a way, some see as Lincoln's Ten Percent plan was more of a political maneuver than a blueprint for reconstruction. -
White Resistance
White resistance in the United States at this time was very common. Since the United States freed all African American Slaves from the Northern States to the Southern States as well, there still has been tensions and conflicts with white Americans. Secret organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan used violence such as burning African American churches, lynching African Americans, and cause a terror in Black Communities as a for of White resistance. -
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Reconstruction
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Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
The assassination of United States President Abraham Lincoln was taken place at Ford's theater in Washington D.C. He was killed in the presidential box, while seeing a play. The person responsible for assasinating Abraham Lincoln was John Wilkes Booth. Booth shot Lincoln directly towards the head with a pistol. Lincoln is then rushed him out of the theater across tenth street, so that he could live his last moments peacefully. Surrounded by loved ones, the next morning Abraham Lincoln dies. -
Freedom Amendments
The Freedom Amendments were amendments added to the U.S. Bill of Rights, and explains the new African American rights. These amendments were very important to implement them into reconstructing the United States. The thirteenth amendment would abolish slavery, ending it nationwide. The fourteenth amendment explain citizenship rights, as well as as having laws equally protected for all people. Lastly, the fifteenth amendment terminates discrimination in voting rights. Every race can now vote. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis in the United States and also Europe at the time. With it lasting about six years, the Panic of 1873 made America go into a financial depression. Leading causes of the Panic of 1873 was the Civil War. After the Civil War had ended, America was in debt. War's are very costly. The railroad industry isn't at rest either, with it being the biggest employer outside of agriculture, it was very cost consuming, causing an economic collapse in America. -
New South
After the Confederates Surrendered and made the Union Victorious in the Civil War, the South was destined for a major social, political, and even economical changes as well. Since the abolishment of slavery, the south's crop production decreased, and forced itself to modernize, as well as integrate itself to be more apart of the United States. The term "New South" was made by Henry W. Grady, and refers to the economic shift from an agrarian society to an industrial one. -
Growing Cities
The industrial revolution caused a spike in population in the United States, resulting in cities being formed and growing simultaneously. The reason for these cities growing is because of the population spike. Farmers move to cities for a better life, or a better job. This also meant class labeled neighborhoods, for example slums. Slums are crowded urban areas with low profit homes, and areas that are more susceptible to crime. The growing cities also meant for a growing crime rate as well. -
Black Codes
The Black codes consisted of laws that were passed by southern states, post civil war. These Black codes had the intention and effect of restricting African Americans' Freedom. Black codes will dramatically segregate blacks with whites Mississippi and South Carolina enacted the first ever Black Codes. Black required to show proof of employment each year, and they also couldn't hold any other occupation other than a servant or a farmer. Some states limited the property they could own as well.
