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Civil Rights Movements
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Dred Scott v. Stanford
Dred Scott was a slave that sued for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man. The courts ruled that he was not an American citizen and therefore could not file a lawsuit. -
13th Amendment
This amendment abolished slavery. There are two parts that read: Section 1
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. -
14th Amendment
This amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, including former enslaved people, and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” -
15th Amendment
This amendment guarantees that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Equal but separate accommodations for whites and blacks imposed by Louisiana do not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the courts final verdict. Plessy sat in the white cart, and when asked to leave hw refused and was arrested. -
19th Amendment
This amendment prohibits the United States from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to a vote -
Brown v. Board of Education
Separate but equal educational facilities for racial minorities is inherently unequal violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the final verdict. This case related to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. In each of the cases, African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This was a very divided time as segregation was heavily instituted into Americans daily lives. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. ... This “act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution” -
Reed v. Reed
The Idaho Probate Code violated the Fourteenth Amendment was the courts final verdict. The Idaho Probate Code specified that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates. After the death of their adopted son, both Sally and Cecil Reed sought to be named the administrator of their son's estate -
Title IX
This civil rights law passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. This law protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive Federal financial assistance. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Allan Bakke, a 35 year old white man, had 2x applied for admission to the a college. He was rejected both times. The school reserved 16 places in each entering class of 100 for "qualified" minorities, as part of the university's affirmative action program. The court ruled that Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides Bakke a call of action. The Court managed to minimize white opposition to the goal of equality while extending gains for racial minorities through affirmative action. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, State and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. As it relates to employment, Title I of the ADA protects the rights of both employees and job seekers. Title IV, which is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), also requires closed captioning of federally funded public service announcements. -
Obergefell v. Hodges
Groups of same-sex couples sued their relevant state agencies in Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee to challenge the constitutionality of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same-sex marriages that occurred in jurisdictions that provided for such marriages. The court ruled that The Fourteenth Amendment requires both marriage licensing and recognition for same-sex couples.