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slow changes in life, culture, and dissemination of knowledge
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Music was either divine meaning from god or cosmic meaning from the stars and planets. They knew about Greek theory and the older ideas of music but they did not have an examples of Antiquity.
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The church was very corrupt at this time and suppressed anything that was secular, popular, or entertaining. This resulted in Plainchant. The church also has it's own service in two parts, The Ordinary (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei) and the Proper (Alleluia, Gradual, Offertory etc)
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Gregorian chant is the Roman dialect of chant. The chants were cataloged by Pope Gregory. It is set neumatically and melismatically and would have been responsorial.
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Polyphony and notation began to emerge in the 800's in the Romanesque era. Organum is the first known form of polyphony
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The Cathedral of Notre Dame: Paris, made innovations in Polyphony.
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First described in c. 900, extant in the 800's, and notated c. 1000 CE. It is a Plainchant "melody" with an added melody. It resulted in a piece of parallel 4ths and 5th. 3rds were dissonant and should not be used.
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d'Arezzo is credited with inventing the staff, he suggested using a red line for F and a yellow line for C. His original music was written by hand. Notes during this time were called neumes and during melismatic times there were many noted per syllable.
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Founder at abbess of the convent at Rupertsberg, Germany. She was born into a family and given to the convent at age 8. She is famous for her prophetic powers and revelations, she was thought very highly of. She is the first female composer in contemporary musicology to receive extensive research. As an important poet and composer, her book topics included Theology, medicine, spiritual visions, physical sciences, and music.
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Identified with the School of Notre Dame, Leonin is the first composer of polyphonic music whos name we know. He is credited with compiling the Magnus liber organi. He used Discant Organum which uses the six rhythmic melodies- the first organum that had notated rhythm.
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Hildegard invented the genera. It is a Plainchant from the Mass Proper (feast for the Virgin Mary)
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He was from southern France and served at the court in Montferrat. He was killed in battle serving his patron in 1207
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Also affiliated with the School of Notre Dame, Perotin used the organum triplum which is a 3-part organum.
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By late 1200's, composers began writing new texts and music. The genre had more text than chant, 6 rhythmic modes, instrumental inclusion, and texts in French and Latin
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Courts and cities. Vocal (stories) and Instrumental (dancing)
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Troubadours, trouveres (France)
Minnesingers, Meistersingers (Germany) -
Wrote more than 29 extant motets, several extant chansons, and one of the first polyphonic mass cycles. He wrote Puis qu'en oubli (1350). It was modal tonality with no set system of cadences.
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Composer and theorists began to speak about new art with new rhythmic polyphony in the motets.
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Music theorist, composer, poet, and organist who was famous because he was blind. He is by far the most famous Italian composer of the 14th century. He wrote a 2 part ballata called Ecco la primavera.
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Also known as "The Black Death," the Bubonic plague killed over 75 million people. As a result of this, the church was suffering. This was the most corrupt the church had become and there were two rivaling Popes.
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In his music more 3rds and 6ths were used in the harmonies. People would steal his work and put their name on it for publicity and put his name on their work so it would be played.
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First Renaissance composer
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Very respected and prolific, a low bass
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The Renaissance. meaning rebirth, brought new and compex currents of thought in arts, science, and religion. Changes in art originated in Italy, but musical style came out of England.
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A composer and music theorist who wrote about contemporary music. He wrote the first dictionary of musical terms. He also said the quote "There does not exist a single piece of music, not composed within the last 40 years, that is regarded be the learned as worth hearing."
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Created The Birth of Venus
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Most revered Renaissance composer esp by Martin Luther
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Prolific German composer
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Father of text expression
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Wrote a 40 voice part motet
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important english composer
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Martin Luther began the Protestant movement known as the reformation. The Catholic church excommunicated him (obviously)
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most prolific composer of the Renaissance
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He is the most famous composer from the Renaissance
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awarded the most posthumous fame
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Ranks in importance with Josquin and Palestrina
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Important Catholic English composer working in Protestant England
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Carries on Palestrina's style while working in Spain
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The leading composrt of instumental ensemble music. Was the first one to indicate the actual instruments wanted in the score. Composed over 100 motets
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He lived into the early Baroque era. Many Renaissance style songs were composed for and used in his plays.
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Moved music from the Reaissance style to the Baroque
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English composer and organist who lived in London. Known for clever word painting
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From a collection of Sacred Symphonies. 2 choirs of instuments, each in 4 parts. 8 musical lines sometimes interacting with eachother.