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Jan 1, 1440
Gutenberg's Printing Press
Gutenberg's Printing Press
-Printing with movable type in East Asia since 1377.
-Gutenberg made separate pieces of metal type for each character to be printed.
-Same pieces of type could be used again to print different books.
-Printing became the means of mass communication.
-Printing would be the knowledge distribution.
By Knauer, Kelly (editor). (2003). New York: Time Inc. -
John Locke - Defining Knowledge
John Locke - Defining Knowledge - 1689
-These routes that ideas take are derived from experiences — we can have no knowledge beyond our ideas.
-There are two kinds of material ideas: simple and complex.
Locke divides knowledge into three types:
Intuitive knowledge
Demonstrative knowledge
Sensitive knowledge
Winter, D., McClellard, D., Stewart, A. (1981). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. -
Fritz Machlup - Knowledge Industry
Fritz Machlup - Knowledge Industry - 1962
-Fritz Machlup (1902-1983) worked in two major areas of economics: industrial organization and distribution of knowledge.
-Machlup defines knowledge as a commodity.
-He recognized and treated knowledge as an information source.
-Figures included the distribution of typewriters and stationery as part of this knowledge Industry. -
Michael Polanyi - Tacit Knowledge
Michael Polanyi - Tacit Knowledge - 1964
'Genius is applying the originality of youth to the experience of maturity.' - Michael Polanyi
-Polanyi further expounded upon the concept of tacit knowledge.
-Tacit knowledge normally cannot be spoken, but rather demonstrated and imitated.
-Tacit knowledge includes both conceptual and sensory information. -
Marshall McLuhan - Technologically Determinist
Marshall McLuhan - Technologically Determinist - 1964
-McLuhan was viewed as a Technologically Determinist in that he viewed technology shaping us, rather than viewing people dictating how the technology will be used.
-He is most famous for declaring that the medium is the real message.
-The message of any medium or technology is the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs. -
Peter Drucker - The Knowledge Worker
Peter Drucker - The Knowledge Worker - 1966
-Peter Drucker predicted that the major changes in society would be brought about by information.
-Argues that knowledge has become the central, key resource.
-The defining characteristic of these knowledge workers is the level of their formal education.
-Drucker brought about a new profound respect for the workers in which he believed were assets, rather than liabilities. -
Daniel Bell - The Information Age
Daniel Bell - The Information Age - 1973
-Put forth the concept of a post-industrial society or information age.
- Called his concept the Infomation Society.
- information society, means that we move from a producer of goods (to service economy and that theoretical knowledge, technology, and information.
- Wrote that we need to learn how to predict the future.
Bell, D. (1979).The Social Framework of the Information Society. -
Alvin Toffler - The Third Wave
Alvin Toffler - The Third Wave - 1980
-He postulates that the transition from an: industrial society to an information society can best be understood by looking back to the transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society.
-We started off as hunter-gatherers — nomads. We hunted our food and moved as the seasons to find food.
- This Information Society is more than just technology. -
John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene - Information Society
John Naisbitt & Patricia Aburdene - Information Society - 1982
-from hierarchies to networking- an entirely different way of managing information and distributing power was predicted.
-This network became today's Internet. However, with this network came a major drawback.
-'We are drowning in information and starved for knowledge.' - Megatrends
-'We are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.' -
HyperCard - Dynamic Programming
HyperCard - Dynamic Programming - 1987-Apple computer introduces hypertext to the public with their Hypercard application in 1987.
-Created by Bill Atkinson.
-Information is stored in a series of “cards,” arranged into “stacks.”
-When compared to a database, each card is a single record and has one or more fields that store information or data.
-The stack is the database file. -
The Internet - Network
The Internet - Network - 1991
-created a computer network, called ARPANET, that would continue to function in the event of a disaster.
-In 1971, Ray Tomlinson,choose the @ symbol to separate the name of a user from the network on which he or she worked.
-The internet took this to the next level by networking the hyperlinks on a grand scale.
-Being online allows one to gather a lot of information, yet the vary nature of it. -
Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger - Community of Practice
Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger - Community of Practice - 1991
-Theorized that knowledge can be developed through social and spontaneous communities that are driven by common interests and passions, whereas innovation lies in the interaction between different communities.
-A CoP involves organizing around some particular area of knowledge that gives members a sense of joint enterprise and identity. -
Knowledge MapKnowledge Map Karl-Erik Sveiby - Intellectual Capital
Karl-Erik Sveiby - Intellectual Capital - 1995
-The most common purpose is the Industrial Era approach to measure for control.
-a reporting concept that considers a number of indicators that attempts to compare a company's book value with its market value.
-He argues that the traditional balance sheet is not effective at measuring the real value of a company. -
Ikujiro Nonaka & Hirotaka Takeuk - The Knowledge Spiral
Ikujiro Nonaka & Hirotaka Takeuk - The Knowledge Spiral - 1995
-theorized that the creation of knowledge is the result of a continuous cycle of four integrated processes.
-Externalization - from Tacit to Explicit
-Combination - from Explicit to Explicit
-Internalization - from Explicit to Tacit
-Socialization - from Tacit to Tacit -
Don Tapscott - Twelve Themes of the New Economy
Don Tapscott - Twelve Themes of the New Economy - 1996
-At the heart of Tapscott's analysis are twelve themes which differentiate the new economy from the old: KnowledgeDigitalVirtualMolecularization .InternetworkingDisintermediationConvergenceInnovationProsumptionImmediacyGlobalizationDiscordance -
Thomas Davenport and Laurence Prusak - Velocity and Viscosity
Thomas Davenport and Laurence Prusak - Velocity and Viscosity - 1998
Davenport and Prusak introduce the concept of Velocity and Viscosity in their book, Working Knowledge (1988):
-Velocity - the speed with which knowledge moves through an organization.
-Viscosity - the richness or thickness of the knowledge transferred.
