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Also known as Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences. details Luther’s opposition to the Catholic Church -
Declares that England is an Empire and it is thus impossible to appeal/annul decisions taken in England (The Pope cannot control the King’s decisions anymore) -
States that Henry VIII is now Supreme Head of the Church -
Wales is incorporated as a part of England -
Until 1539 : publication of Injunctions and Articles in an attempt to make the reformation more legitimate and accepted -
Dissolution of monasteries : monasteries are abolished and lands that belonged to the church are sold. Given reasons : corruption in the monasteries but main reason was that the money was used to fund the wars
Pilgrimage of Grace : rebellion against changes in religion -
By the Holy Roman Emperor, supported by England -
Edward VI :
- Only surviving son of Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour
- First English monarch raised Protestant
- Realm governed by a regency council during his reign -
Made it illegal not to use the Book of Common Prayer -
Riots against landowners -
Edward VI issues a book explaining how a Protestant Christian should act and the way services should be conducted. followed by another one in 1562 which pushed things further into protestantism. Every prayer was in English and it was intended for everyone to follow the same rituals -
Made the English Church Protestant (revoking transubstantiation and purgatory) -
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Mary I re instituted the Church to the way it was in 1533.
However she did not gave back to the Church the lands that had been sold during the dissolution of the monasteries as it would have created a great risk of rebellion. -
Mary Tudor :
- Also known as "Bloody Mary"
- Daughter of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon
- Catholic -
Mainly because of the unpopularity of her marriage to Philip II (King of Spain) -
During her reign, about 300 protestants were executed (mostly burned). In 1563 John Foxes issued the Actes and Monuments which established Mary as a bloodthirsty queen and gained her the name “Bloody Mary” -
Rebellion of the Lord of the Congregation (leader : John Knox) against Mary of Guise -
War with France -
Patriarchal assumptions against Elizabeth’s legitimacy to rule -
Elizabeth I :
- Also known as the "Virgin Queen"
- Daughter of Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn
- Last monarch of the House of Tudor
- 3 main aspects of her reign:
- Religious peace and reformation
- Political stability
- Development of the English power -
(also in 1571 and 1581) In order to prevent people from acting on assumptions that they might have about the queen -
To help the Catholics / Elizabeth supports the Protestants -
Issues another Act of Supremacy and a new Book of Common Prayers. Didn’t call herself “Supreme Head of Church” but “Supreme Governor of the Church of England” -
England starts to participate in the slave trade -
More on the Calvinist side but nuanced -
Translation in Welsh of the New Testament and the Book of Common Prayer -
From this moment, the Catholics have the right to rebel -
Proven that T. Babington plotted against Elizabeth and that Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) participated -
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Full translation of the Bible in Welsh -
Attempted Spanish invasion of England by the “Invincible Armada” during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604). Was defeated by the British Navy (mostly due to weather conditions) -
Also called Tyrone’s Rebellion. lasted until 1603. Fought in Ireland, against the English rule in the country and as a response to the ongoing Tudor conquest of Ireland -
By the end of her reign, Elizabeth I managed to stabilize the religious, economic and political state of the country, while being able to reposition England's position as a powerful country in Europe.