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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a major diplomatic meeting held after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, with the aim of restoring stability and order to Europe. -
Waterloo Battle 1815
It was a crucial confrontation in Belgium, between the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied British, Dutch, German and Prussian forces. -
Spanish Liberal Biennium
The Liberal Biennium (Trienio Liberal) was a short period in Spanish history (1820–1823) when liberal forces temporarily restored the Constitution of 1812 and attempted to implement liberal reforms in Spain. -
Independence of Greece
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) was a successful revolution by the Greek people against the Ottoman Empire, aiming to regain their sovereignty after centuries of Ottoman rule. -
Louis XVIII, king of France
Louis XVIII was the King of France after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. He ruled during the Bourbon Restoration, a period that attempted to restore the monarchy while adapting to some revolutionary changes. -
Charles X, king of France
Charles X was the last Bourbon king of France, ruling from 1824 to 1830. A firm ultraroyalist, he attempted to restore absolute monarchy, which led to widespread unrest and ultimately his downfall. -
Independence of Belgium
The Independence of Belgium was a revolutionary movement in 1830 that led to Belgium separating from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and becoming an independent, neutral, and constitutional monarchy. -
Revolution of 1848, the Spring of Nations
The Revolution of 1848, also known as the Spring of Nations, was a series of political and social uprisings that spread across Europe in 1848. These revolutions were driven by widespread discontent with conservative monarchies, economic hardship, and a growing demand for liberal reforms, national self-determination, and workers’ rights. -
Louis Philippe, king of France
Louis-Philippe I, known as the "Citizen King", ruled France from 1830 to 1848 during the period known as the July Monarchy. -
France Second Republic
The Second French Republic was the republican government of France between the fall of King Louis-Philippe I in 1848 and the rise of Napoleon III in 1852. It marked a brief but important attempt at democracy and social reform in 19th-century France. -
Battles of Magenta and Solferino
These two key battles were fought during the Second Italian War of Independence, part of the broader movement for Italian unification (the Risorgimento), with France and the Kingdom of Sardinia allied against the Austrian Empire. -
France's Second Republic
The Second Republic of France was established after the February Revolution of 1848, which overthrew King Louis-Philippe and ended the July Monarchy. It marked a brief but significant experiment in republican government between two monarchic periods. -
France's Second Empire: Napoleon III
The Second Empire began when Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852 after serving as President of the Second Republic. His rule combined authoritarian control with economic modernization and ambitious foreign policy. -
Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II (born on March 14, 1820) was the first King of a unified Italy, reigning from 1861 until his death in 1878. He was originally the King of Sardinia-Piedmont, a state in northern Italy, and played a crucial role in the process of Italian unification, known as the Risorgimento. -
Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Giuseppe Garibaldi, one of the most important figures in the Italian unification (Risorgimento), led a military campaign that played a crucial role in the formation of modern Italy. His conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was one of the most remarkable events of this period. -
Danish-Prussian War
The Danish-Prussian War, also known as the Second Schleswig War, took place from February 1 to October 30, 1864. It was a conflict between Denmark and the combined forces of Prussia and Austria over the control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. These territories were located in the northern part of the German Confederation and had both Danish and German-speaking populations. -
Wilhelm I, Kaiser of the II German Reich
Wilhelm I was the first Kaiser (Emperor) of the German Empire, also known as the Second Reich, from 1871 until his death in 1888. His reign was instrumental in the unification of Germany, which had previously been divided into numerous independent states and kingdoms. -
Austrian-Prussian War
The Austrian-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks' War, took place in 1866 between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire. This war was a key event in the process of German unification and the rise of Prussia as the dominant power in Central Europe. -
The Zollverein
The Zollverein was a customs union formed in 1834 among various German states to eliminate tariffs and establish a free trade area. The union was initially created by Prussia and included many of the German-speaking states in central Europe. It aimed to create economic unity by removing trade barriers between member states while maintaining individual customs duties with foreign countries. -
French Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War (also known as the War of 1870) was a conflict between the Second French Empire under Emperor Napoleon III and the Kingdom of Prussia, later joined by the other German states. The war played a significant role in the unification of Germany and the collapse of the French Empire.