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Continuity from 500 BCE; peaked in 1200-1450
Salt and gold
Caravans, caravanserai, saddles -
Continuity from 120 BCE; peaked in 1200-1450; established by Han dynasty in China
Protected by Mongols (Pax Mongolica)
Continuities: camels, trade of luxury goods, spread of religion (Buddhism + Islam)
Changes: camel saddles, caravanserai, control
Declined b/c of the rise of maritime trade and political instability
Active until Ottomans closed off trade with West -
Dominated much of Europe
Fell due to internal corruption + outside invasion
Led to division of Europe into West Europe and the Byzantine Empire -
Feudalism and Manorialism
Serfdom -
Eastern Roman Empire - Byzantine Empire
Lasted until Ottoman conquest -
Developments in Dar-al-Islam
Golden Age of Islam
Islamic
Baghdad Capital
Built around Trade
Decline→Rise of Turkic Muslim Empires (ex. Seljuks) -
During Golden Age of Islam
Islamic scholars (many from Baghdad/House of Wisdom) translate books on science, math, + medicine from ancient languages into Arabic
End of European Middle Ages - Arabic texts translated to Latin - intellectual curiosity - Renaissance
Influential texts like Canon of Medicine -
Peaked in 1200-1450
Growth in interregional trade + innovations
Astrolabe, magnetic compass, larger + better ships
Monsoon winds - diasporic communities + cultural exchanges
Ended with Portugal invasion + control -
Neo-Confucianism
Filial Piety (hierarchical)
Foot-Binding
Expansion of imperial bureaucracy (merit-based jobs - loyalty)
Champa Rice - population boom
Grand Canal
Trade across Eurasia -
City-states located in modern Nigeria
Along major trans-Saharan trade routes
Islam region
Economic stability + religious influence through trade (salt + leather) -
Military campaigns led by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians
Failed due to losses to Mamluks and the rise of the Reformation -
Trading empire in Africa
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Mit'a System: labour system
Complex road system agriculture
Sun god
Downfall: disease and Spanish invaders -
On the East African coast
Connected to Indian Ocean trade and African trade networks
Gold, ivory, enslaved people
Traded goods from Africa's interior with foreign items from China, India, and Persia -
Religious + social reform movement in India
Hinduism more accessible
Spread of Hinduism -
Spread of Islam through merchants
Ruler Akbar - tolerance
Religious tension: jizya tax (on non-Muslims), forced conversions (mostly of Hindus)
Rajput Kingdom resisted intrusion by Muslims, maintained Hindu influence -
From enslaved people who rebelled against previous leaders
Victories against Mongols and Crusaders
Economic strife
Conquered by Ottomans -
European explorer who documented his travels; diffused knowledge of the Asia
Merchant + traveler
Journeyed along Silk Road -
Islamic
Adoption of gunpowder weapons - expansion
Devshirme: enslaved Christians converted to Islam and enlisted into military/gov. as Janissaries
Enemies w/ Safavids
Sided with Germany in World War I - post-war treaties dissolved empire -
Tenochtitlan: capital city
Labour tribute system
Fell to disease + Spanish
(in progress) -
Introduced wealth of Mali Kingdom to the rest of the Mediterranean
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Spread via Mongol conquest and trade routes (Silk Roads and Indian Ocean)
Killed nearly 1/3 of Middle East population
Europe weak as it was just coming out of Middle Ages and beginning to trade
Killed nearly 1/2 European population
Led to labor shortages, decline of feudalism, + revolts -
Followed decline of Yuan Dynasty
Restored peace and order
Expanded borders with gunpowder -
African trading Kingdom
**Christian faith
Successfully resisted European colonization
(still exists, but significant in this time period) -
Europe exposed to art + intellectual achievements
Primarily religious focus of Middle Ages - emphasis on natural world -
End of Byzantine Empire
Signifies end of middle ages
Influx of Greek scholars and texts into Western Europe -
Exchange between the Old World and the New World after Columbus made his 1st voyage.
Horses + sugar + diseases + plants - New World
Sugar + tobacco + chocolate + potatoes - Old World -
Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator invested in maritime tech and expeditions along African coast - est. of trading-post empire
Spain: sponsored voyages (Christopher Columbus) tried to find routes to Asia - colonization of Americas
England, France, + Netherlands: funded expeditions to explore + claim territories in Americas + Asia - est. colonies + trade networks
African Diaspora due to slave trade
African women take on more work + polygamy practices arise due to lowered male populations -
Emerges as largest Shi'a Muslim empire
Gunpowder to expand + control
Conflict with the Sunni Muslim Ottomans
Safavid-Mughal conflict
Silk Roads rerouted through capital - trading monopoly
Persian Silk (traded w Russia) -
95 arguments published by Martin Luther that challenged the Catholic Church's practices; especially selling of indulgences (forgiveness of sins for money)
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Religious conflicts + political changes
Spread of Protestantism + denominations emerge including Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism
Leads to church holding less power - Europe more centralized -
Land empire that controlled majority of Indian subcontinent
Persecution of Hindus and Sikhs
Jizya tax (non-Muslims pay)
Akbar: ruler who practiced religious tolerance
Increased Bhakti Movements and Sufism
Zamindars: local officials responsible for collecting taxes (eventually led to corruption) -
Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation
New policies + addressing abuses
Religious reforms, missionaries (Jesuits), + reclaiming territories lost to Protestantism -
-
Previous Ming Dynasty of experiencing peasant uprisings, corruption, and natural disasters (lost Mandate of Heaven)
Manchu people (nomadic warriors) invaded decentralized China
Port of Canton: a significant trading center; regulated trade and interactions with foreign merchants
Queue hairstyle: imposed on Han men by the Manchus; symbol of Manchu dominance/rule -
Built by King Louis XIII
Consolidated power: recentered political power (control over French court/nobility)
Legitimized rule: display of royal authority/divine right to rule (to subjects and others) -
Philosophers (ex. John Locke) spread ideas of separation of powers, natural rights, and equal living spread
Ideas to colonized regions - American + French Revolutions - Indian + African Revolutions -
Fueled by Enlightenment ideals + growing resentment over British policies including taxation without representation
United States established -
Caused by Enlightenment ideals, widespread poverty famine, + discontent with Louis XVI's rule
-
Inspired by French Revolution
Slave revolt - abolition of slavery + first black republic -
in U.S.
-
Europe could only trade with China through the Port of Canton
British traders bring opium to China (1773), causing widespread addiction - ban on opium - Britain wages war - China eventually forced to open to all trade -
Natural selection applied to sociology
Justified discrimination, racism, + ethnocentrism as Europeans were the "dominant race" and others were "barbaric/uncivilized" -
Japan faces pressure by West to open borders for trade
Further compelled by China's failure loss during Opium Wars
Undergoes modernization, westernization, + restoration of power under imperial rule -
Defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
-
Rise of imperialism - countries fighting for African territories
Ideas of Social Darwinism - civilization mission to justify colonization - educated Africans - influence of Enlightenment - revolution -
Formalized the scramble for Africa
European powers divided + claimed African land -
-
Aimed to unify the Slavic peoples under a single state (Serbian independence)
-
Archduke seen as threat to "Young Bosnia" movement
-
Serbia refuses due to harsh stipulations
-
-
Allies vs Central Powers
Caused by MANIA: militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination -
Germany, compelled by Triple Alliance, allies with Austria-Hungary
Declares war on Russia but moves first against France -
Great Britain allies with France and Russia as Germany invades Belgium and violates neutrality
Begins global war -
U.S. gains knowledge of a proposed alliance between Germany + Mexico in the event that Germany and the U.S. go to war
-
-
Motivated by interception of Zimmerman telegram + the sinking of American merchant ships
-
-
Series of ally attacks at the end of WWI, pushing the German army back forcing retreat
-
Noncooperation movements
Civil disobedience movements -
-
Created to prevent future global conflicts and maintain peace through international cooperation
-
In the Treaty of Versailles (ending WWII), Western powers stipulated Germany may not remilitarize
After Hitler's request to remilitarize was denied, Germany withdrew from LoN -
Hitler wants to restore Germany as a global power, expand, and reconquer lands lost to Treaty of Versailles
Germany remilitarizes and invades Poland
Event triggered declarations of war on Germany by Great Britain and France -
-
Blitzkrieg bombing strategy; fast, indiscriminate assaults killing thousands of civilians
Poland was hit first
Eventually bombed London and England cities at night to create terror -
Initially precision bombing which evolved into area bombing to shatter morale and will to continue war
-
After German surrender, America wanted to quickly ended the war against Japan
U.S. initially used area bombing, trying to end the war by destroying Japan's economy -
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan
-
The following day the Prime Minister surrendered to the allies
-
Capitalism vs. Communism
United States and the USSR avoid direct military confrontation with one another
Ended due to Soviet economy struggling to keep up with arms race, space race, and military funding
The prolonged Afghanistan War drained resources and manpower
Collapse of communist regimes + Berlin wall as Gorbachev allowed Eastern European countries to determine their own futures -
-
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African-American activists' strategy of direct action, nonviolence + resistance, and civil disobedience
-
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Response to West Germany's admission into NATO (viewed as a threat)
Allied Soviet Union + communist satellite states -
campaign resulting in severe famine
Chinese attempt to rapidly industrialize + increase agricultural production -
Cold War standoff nearly escalates into nuclear war after Soviets supply nuclear missiles to Cuba
Resolved: U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba + removes missiles from Turkey USSR removes missiles -
Internal factors + economic strife as the battles take a toll on the state