-
Period: 27 BCE to
Trans-Saharan Trade
Continuity from 500 BCE; peaked in 1200-1450
Salt and gold
Caravans, caravanserai, saddles -
Period: 27 BCE to 1453
Silk Roads
Continuity from 120 BCE; peaked in 1200-1450; established by Han dynasty in China
Protected by Mongols (Pax Mongolica)
Continuities: camels, trade of luxury goods, spread of religion (Buddhism + Islam)
Changes: camel saddles, caravanserai, control
Declined b/c of the rise of maritime trade and political instability
Active until Ottomans closed off trade with West -
Period: 27 BCE to 476
Roman Empire
Dominated much of Europe
Fell due to internal corruption + outside invasion
Led to division of Europe into West Europe and the Byzantine Empire -
Period: 476 to 1453
European Middle Ages
Feudalism and Manorialism
Serfdom -
Period: 476 to 1453
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Roman Empire - Byzantine Empire
Lasted until Ottoman conquest -
Period: 750 to 1258
Abbasid Caliphate
Developments in Dar-al-Islam
Golden Age of Islam
Islamic
Baghdad Capital
Built around Trade
Decline→Rise of Turkic Muslim Empires (ex. Seljuks) -
Period: 750 to 1000
Arabic Translation Movement
During Golden Age of Islam
Islamic scholars (many from Baghdad/House of Wisdom) translate books on science, math, + medicine from ancient languages into Arabic
End of European Middle Ages - Arabic texts translated to Latin - intellectual curiosity - Renaissance
Influential texts like Canon of Medicine -
Period: 800 to 1450
Indian Ocean Trade
Peaked in 1200-1450
Growth in interregional trade + innovations
Astrolabe, magnetic compass, larger + better ships
Monsoon winds - diasporic communities + cultural exchanges
Ended with Portugal invasion + control -
Period: 960 to 1279
Song Dynasty
Neo-Confucianism
Filial Piety (hierarchical)
Foot-Binding
Expansion of imperial bureaucracy (merit-based jobs - loyalty)
Champa Rice - population boom
Grand Canal
Trade across Eurasia -
Period: 1000 to
Hausa Kingdoms
City-states located in modern Nigeria
Along major trans-Saharan trade routes
Islam region
Economic stability + religious influence through trade (salt + leather) -
Period: 1095 to 1291
Crusades
Military campaigns led by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians
Failed due to losses to Mamluks and the rise of the Reformation -
Period: 1100 to 1550
Great Zimbabwe
Trading empire in Africa -
Period: 1200 to 1533
Inca Empire
Mit'a System: labour system
Complex road system agriculture
Sun god
Downfall: disease and Spanish invaders -
Period: 1200 to 1450
Swahili City States
On the East African coast
Connected to Indian Ocean trade and African trade networks
Gold, ivory, enslaved people
Traded goods from Africa's interior with foreign items from China, India, and Persia -
Period: 1200 to 1450
Bhakti Movement
Religious + social reform movement in India
Hinduism more accessible
Spread of Hinduism -
Period: 1206 to 1526
Delhi Sultanate
Spread of Islam through merchants
Ruler Akbar - tolerance
Religious tension: jizya tax (on non-Muslims), forced conversions (mostly of Hindus)
Rajput Kingdom resisted intrusion by Muslims, maintained Hindu influence -
Period: 1250 to 1567
Mamluk Sultanate
From enslaved people who rebelled against previous leaders
Victories against Mongols and Crusaders
Economic strife
Conquered by Ottomans -
1271
Marco Polo's voyages to Asia
European explorer who documented his travels; diffused knowledge of the Asia
Merchant + traveler
Journeyed along Silk Road -
Period: 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
Islamic
Adoption of gunpowder weapons - expansion
Devshirme: enslaved Christians converted to Islam and enlisted into military/gov. as Janissaries
Enemies w/ Safavids
Sided with Germany in World War I - post-war treaties dissolved empire -
Period: 1300 to 1524
Aztec Empire
Tenochtitlan: capital city
Labour tribute system
Fell to disease + Spanish
(in progress) -
1325
Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca
Introduced wealth of Mali Kingdom to the rest of the Mediterranean -
Period: 1346 to 1386
Bubonic Plague
Spread via Mongol conquest and trade routes (Silk Roads and Indian Ocean)
Killed nearly 1/3 of Middle East population
Europe weak as it was just coming out of Middle Ages and beginning to trade
Killed nearly 1/2 European population
Led to labor shortages, decline of feudalism, + revolts -
Period: 1368 to
Ming Dynasty
Followed decline of Yuan Dynasty
Restored peace and order
Expanded borders with gunpowder -
Period: 1450 to
Ethiopia
African trading Kingdom
**Christian faith
Successfully resisted European colonization
(still exists, but significant in this time period) -
Period: 1453 to
Renaissance
Europe exposed to art + intellectual achievements
Primarily religious focus of Middle Ages - emphasis on natural world -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinople
End of Byzantine Empire
Signifies end of middle ages
Influx of Greek scholars and texts into Western Europe -
Period: 1492 to
Columbian Exchange
Exchange between the Old World and the New World after Columbus made his 1st voyage.
Horses + sugar + diseases + plants - New World
Sugar + tobacco + chocolate + potatoes - Old World -
Period: 1500 to
Trans Atlantic Trade
Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator invested in maritime tech and expeditions along African coast - est. of trading-post empire
Spain: sponsored voyages (Christopher Columbus) tried to find routes to Asia - colonization of Americas
England, France, + Netherlands: funded expeditions to explore + claim territories in Americas + Asia - est. colonies + trade networks
African Diaspora due to slave trade
African women take on more work + polygamy practices arise due to lowered male populations -
Period: 1501 to
Safavid Empire
Emerges as largest Shi'a Muslim empire
Gunpowder to expand + control
Conflict with the Sunni Muslim Ottomans
Safavid-Mughal conflict
Silk Roads rerouted through capital - trading monopoly
Persian Silk (traded w Russia) -
Oct 15, 1517
Luther's 95 Theses
95 arguments published by Martin Luther that challenged the Catholic Church's practices; especially selling of indulgences (forgiveness of sins for money) -
Period: Oct 16, 1517 to
Protestant Reformation
Religious conflicts + political changes
Spread of Protestantism + denominations emerge including Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism
Leads to church holding less power - Europe more centralized -
Period: 1523 to
Mughal Empire
Land empire that controlled majority of Indian subcontinent
Persecution of Hindus and Sikhs
Jizya tax (non-Muslims pay)
Akbar: ruler who practiced religious tolerance
Increased Bhakti Movements and Sufism
Zamindars: local officials responsible for collecting taxes (eventually led to corruption) -
Period: 1545 to
Counter Reformation
Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation
New policies + addressing abuses
Religious reforms, missionaries (Jesuits), + reclaiming territories lost to Protestantism -
The British East India Company
-
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
Previous Ming Dynasty of experiencing peasant uprisings, corruption, and natural disasters (lost Mandate of Heaven)
Manchu people (nomadic warriors) invaded decentralized China
Port of Canton: a significant trading center; regulated trade and interactions with foreign merchants
Queue hairstyle: imposed on Han men by the Manchus; symbol of Manchu dominance/rule -
Palace of Versailles
Built by King Louis XIII
Consolidated power: recentered political power (control over French court/nobility)
Legitimized rule: display of royal authority/divine right to rule (to subjects and others) -
Period: to
Enlightenment
Philosophers (ex. John Locke) spread ideas of separation of powers, natural rights, and equal living spread
Ideas to colonized regions - American + French Revolutions - Indian + African Revolutions -
Period: to
American Revolution
Fueled by Enlightenment ideals + growing resentment over British policies including taxation without representation
United States established -
Period: to
French Revolution
Caused by Enlightenment ideals, widespread poverty famine, + discontent with Louis XVI's rule -
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
Inspired by French Revolution
Slave revolt - abolition of slavery + first black republic -
trans-Atlantic slave trade abolished
in U.S. -
Period: to
Opium Wars
Europe could only trade with China through the Port of Canton
British traders bring opium to China (1773), causing widespread addiction - ban on opium - Britain wages war - China eventually forced to open to all trade -
Period: to
Social Darwinism Ideas Spread
Natural selection applied to sociology
Justified discrimination, racism, + ethnocentrism as Europeans were the "dominant race" and others were "barbaric/uncivilized" -
Period: to
Meiji Restoration
Japan faces pressure by West to open borders for trade
Further compelled by China's failure loss during Opium Wars
Undergoes modernization, westernization, + restoration of power under imperial rule -
Triple Alliance Formed
Defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -
Period: to
Scramble for Africa
Rise of imperialism - countries fighting for African territories
Ideas of Social Darwinism - civilization mission to justify colonization - educated Africans - influence of Enlightenment - revolution -
Berlin Conference
Formalized the scramble for Africa
European powers divided + claimed African land -
Period: to
Pan African Movement
-
Period: to
Young Bosnia Movement
Aimed to unify the Slavic peoples under a single state (Serbian independence) -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated
Archduke seen as threat to "Young Bosnia" movement -
Austria-Hungary ultimatum to Serbia
Serbia refuses due to harsh stipulations -
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
-
Period: to
World War I
Allies vs Central Powers
Caused by MANIA: militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination -
Germany enters WWI
Germany, compelled by Triple Alliance, allies with Austria-Hungary
Declares war on Russia but moves first against France -
Britain enters WWI
Great Britain allies with France and Russia as Germany invades Belgium and violates neutrality
Begins global war -
Zimmerman telegram intercepted
U.S. gains knowledge of a proposed alliance between Germany + Mexico in the event that Germany and the U.S. go to war -
Period: to
Russian Revolution
-
U.S. enters WWI
Motivated by interception of Zimmerman telegram + the sinking of American merchant ships -
Russian withdrawal from WWI
-
Period: to
One Hundred Days Offensive
Series of ally attacks at the end of WWI, pushing the German army back forcing retreat -
Period: to
Ghandi's Movements
Noncooperation movements
Civil disobedience movements -
Treaty of Versailles
-
League of Nations established
Created to prevent future global conflicts and maintain peace through international cooperation -
Germany withdraws from League of Nations
In the Treaty of Versailles (ending WWII), Western powers stipulated Germany may not remilitarize
After Hitler's request to remilitarize was denied, Germany withdrew from LoN -
German invasion of Poland
Hitler wants to restore Germany as a global power, expand, and reconquer lands lost to Treaty of Versailles
Germany remilitarizes and invades Poland
Event triggered declarations of war on Germany by Great Britain and France -
Period: to
World War II
-
German bombings
Blitzkrieg bombing strategy; fast, indiscriminate assaults killing thousands of civilians
Poland was hit first
Eventually bombed London and England cities at night to create terror -
British bombings
Initially precision bombing which evolved into area bombing to shatter morale and will to continue war -
American bombings
After German surrender, America wanted to quickly ended the war against Japan
U.S. initially used area bombing, trying to end the war by destroying Japan's economy -
Hiroshima bombing
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan -
Nagasaki bombing
The following day the Prime Minister surrendered to the allies -
Period: to
Cold War
Capitalism vs. Communism
United States and the USSR avoid direct military confrontation with one another
Ended due to Soviet economy struggling to keep up with arms race, space race, and military funding
The prolonged Afghanistan War drained resources and manpower
Collapse of communist regimes + Berlin wall as Gorbachev allowed Eastern European countries to determine their own futures -
People's Republic of China
-
NATO established
-
Period: to
Civil Rights Movement
African-American activists' strategy of direct action, nonviolence + resistance, and civil disobedience -
African states begin declaring neutrality
-
Warsaw Pact
Response to West Germany's admission into NATO (viewed as a threat)
Allied Soviet Union + communist satellite states -
Great Leap Forward
campaign resulting in severe famine
Chinese attempt to rapidly industrialize + increase agricultural production -
Period: to
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cold War standoff nearly escalates into nuclear war after Soviets supply nuclear missiles to Cuba
Resolved: U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba + removes missiles from Turkey USSR removes missiles -
Soviet Union dissolution
Internal factors + economic strife as the battles take a toll on the state
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