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Marked the first meeting of France’s three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) in over 175 years to address the kingdom's financial crisis, leading to tensions that sparked the French Revolution. -
The Storming of the Bastille marked the start of the French Revolution as Parisians seized the prison, symbolizing the fight against royal tyranny. -
Proclaimed the natural rights of all men, including liberty, equality, and fraternity, as the foundation of the new French government. -
Was a feminist document by Olympe de Gouges that demanded equal rights for women, challenging the exclusion of women from the Declaration of the Rights of Man. -
Was a period during the French Revolution when the government, led by the Jacobins, used violence and mass executions to suppress enemies of the revolution.
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Occurred when the French king was sentenced to death by guillotine for treason, marking a key moment in the French Revolution. -
Was the overthrow and execution of M. Robespierre, marking the end of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. -
Was a five-member executive government that ruled France after the fall of Robespierre, but it became increasingly corrupt and unstable, leading to its downfall.
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Was when Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French government, ending the French Revolution and establishing the Consulate with him as its leader. -
Was a government formed after Napoleon's coup, where he became First Consul and effectively ruled France, ending the Revolution.
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When Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor, expanding France's influence across Europe through military conquests until his defeat.
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Was a decisive victory for Napoleon against the Russian and Austrian forces, cementing his dominance over Europe. -
After many wars, leaders from Europe came together to make peace. They wanted to stop more wars and keep balance between countries. They gave land to some and took land from others. It made Europe more stable for many years.
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Louis XVIII was king of France after Napoleon. He ruled from 1814 to 1824, except for a short time in 1815 when Napoleon returned. Louis tried to mix old royal ways with new ideas from the French Revolution. He gave France a constitution but still kept much power.
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Was when Napoleon Bonaparte was banished to the island of Elba after his first abdication, following his defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition.
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was when Napoleon Bonaparte was decisively defeated by the British and Prussian forces, marking the end of his rule and the Napoleonic Wars. -
Was when Napoleon Bonaparte was sent to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic after his defeat at Waterloo, where he lived in captivity until his death.
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The Spanish Liberal Biennium (Bienio Liberal) was a short time from 1820 to 1823 when Spain had a liberal government. A military leader, Riego, started a revolt, and King Ferdinand VII had to accept a liberal constitution from 1812. During these years, people got more rights, and the power of the king was limited. But in 1823, French troops came to help the king. He took back full power and ended the liberal changes.
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When Spain had a liberal government. A military leader, Riego, started a revolt, and King Ferdinand VII had to accept a liberal constitution from 1812. During these years, people got more rights, and the power of the king was limited. But in 1823, French troops came to help the king. He took back full power and ended the liberal changes.
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The Greek people wanted to be free from the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled them for many years. They started a revolution in 1821. At first, it was very hard, and many Greeks died. Later, European countries like Britain, France, and Russia helped the Greeks. They supported them with ships and soldiers. In 1827, they won an important sea battle called Navarino. Finally, in 1829, Greece became an independent country.
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The Death of Napoleon occurred on the island of St. Helena, where he had been exiled after his defeat, likely due to stomach cancer -
Charles X was king of France from 1824 to 1830. He was very conservative and wanted to bring back the old power of kings and the Church. Many people did not like this. In 1830, there was a revolution, and he had to leave the throne.
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Louis Philippe was king of France from 1830 to 1848, known as the "Citizen King." He came to power after the July Revolution, which removed Charles X. Louis Philippe supported the middle class and made some reforms, but many people felt he ignored the poor. In 1848, another revolution forced him to abdicate, ending his reign.
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The Independence of Belgium happened in 1830. Belgium was part of the Netherlands, but the Belgians wanted their own country. They started a revolution and won. In 1831, Belgium became an independent kingdom.
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The Zollverein was a customs union started in 1834 by Prussia. It joined many German states to make trade easier by removing taxes between them. This helped the German economy grow and made unification easier later. It was an important step toward a united Germany. -
The Revolution of 1848, also called the Spring of Nations, was a wave of uprisings across Europe. People wanted more freedom, better living conditions, and a say in government. It started in France, where King Louis-Philippe was overthrown, and spread to many other countries, including Germany, Italy, and Austria. While some revolutions were crushed, they inspired future changes and reforms in Europe.
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The Second French Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852. It began after the French Revolution of 1848, when King Louis-Philippe was overthrown. The French people created a republic, and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) was elected president. In 1851, he took control in a coup and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, ending the republic.
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France's Second Empire was ruled by Napoleon III, who became emperor in 1852 after leading a coup. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. During his reign, France experienced economic growth, modernization, and expanded overseas influence. However, his rule ended after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, leading to the fall of the empire and the establishment of the Third Republic.
December 2, 1852 -
The French forces, led by Napoleon III, defeated the Austrians in northern Italy, helping Sardinia move closer to unification. (Ended in the same day)
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This was a larger and bloodier battle, where the French and Sardinians again defeated the Austrians. The high number of casualties at Solferino led to the idea of creating the Red Cross to help wounded soldiers.
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Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of a united Italy in 1861. Before that, he was king of Sardinia. He worked with leaders like Cavour and Garibaldi to bring the Italian states together. He ruled until 1878 and is known as a key figure in the unification of Italy.
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In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a volunteer army called the "Redshirts" to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. He landed in Sicily and quickly won battles, gaining support from the people. Then he moved to the mainland and took Naples. Garibaldi later gave the land to King Victor Emmanuel II, helping to unify Italy.
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The Danish-Prussian War happened in 1864. Prussia and Austria fought against Denmark over two regions, Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark lost the war and gave up both areas. Prussia and Austria then shared control, but this later led to a conflict between them.
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The Austrian-Prussian War (also called the Seven Weeks' War) took place in 1866. It was a conflict between Austria and Prussia over control of the German states. Prussia, led by Otto von Bismarck, quickly defeated Austria. After the war, Austria was excluded from the German Confederation, and Prussia established the North German Confederation, moving closer to German unification.
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The Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) was fought between France and Prussia. It started over a diplomatic dispute and ended with a quick Prussian victory. Napoleon III was captured, leading to the fall of the French Empire. The war also led to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire.
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Wilhelm I was the first Kaiser (Emperor) of the German Empire (1871–1888). He became emperor after the unification of Germany, following the Franco-Prussian War. Wilhelm I supported Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor who played a key role in unifying the German states. He ruled until his death in 1888.