Geohis

  • Beginning of the Estates General

    Beginning of the Estates General
    In May 1789, King Louis XVI convened the Estates-General to address the financial crisis, which ultimately led to the formation of the National Assembly and the start of revolutionary actions.
  • Storming of the Bastille

    Storming of the Bastille
    On July 14, 1789, Parisian revolutionaries stormed the Bastille prison, symbolizing the start of the French Revolution. It marked the fall of royal authority and the rise of popular movements.
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

    Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
    On August 26, 1789, the National Assembly adopted this document, declaring the natural rights of man, including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
  • Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen

    Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen
    In 1791, Olympe de Gouges published this document advocating for gender equality and women's rights, asserting that women should have the same rights as men in the revolution.
  • Execution of Louis XVI

    Execution of Louis XVI
    King Louis XVI was tried and found guilty of treason, and on January 21, 1793, he was executed by guillotine, marking the end of the monarchy in France.
  • The Terror

    The Terror
    From September 1793 to July 1794, the Revolutionary government, led by Robespierre, executed thousands of perceived enemies of the revolution, creating a period of extreme violence and fear.
  • Coup d'état of Thermidor

    Coup d'état of Thermidor
    In July 1794, a faction within the revolutionaries overthrew Robespierre, ending the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was arrested and executed, signaling the collapse of his radical leadership.
  • The Directory

    The Directory
    From 1795 to 1799, France was governed by a five-member Directory, characterized by corruption, instability, and ineffective leadership, which eventually led to its overthrow by Napoleon.
  • The Empire

    The Empire
    From 1804 to 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte ruled France as Emperor, establishing an empire that expanded across much of Europe before collapsing due to military defeats.
  • Coup d'état of Brumaire

    Coup d'état of Brumaire
    On November 9, 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup, overthrowing the Directory government and establishing the Consulate, with Napoleon as First Consul, marking the end of the French Revolution.
  • The Consulate

    The Consulate
    After the coup of Brumaire, Napoleon established the Consulate, where he held supreme power as First Consul. It lasted until 1804 when Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France.
  • Battle of Austerlitz

    Battle of Austerlitz
    On December 2, 1805, Napoleon's forces decisively defeated the Russian and Austrian armies at Austerlitz, one of his greatest victories, solidifying his dominance over Europe.
  • Exile in Elba

    Exile in Elba
    After his defeat in 1814, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean, where he was given sovereignty but remained under watch.
  • Congress of Vienna

    Congress of Vienna
    The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was a meeting of European powers to restore order after Napoleon’s defeat. It aimed to balance power and reinstate monarchies to ensure lasting peace in Europe.
  • Louis XVIII, king of France

    Louis XVIII, king of France
    Louis XVIII was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except during Napoleon’s return in 1815. He restored the monarchy and ruled as a constitutional monarch after the French Revolution.
  • Waterloo Battle

    Waterloo Battle
    The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, marked Napoleon Bonaparte's final defeat by the British-led forces under Wellington and the Prussians under Blücher.
  • Battle of Waterloo

    Battle of Waterloo
    On June 18, 1815, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by a coalition of European forces, marking the end of his rule and the Napoleonic Wars.
  • Spanish Liberal Biennium

    Spanish Liberal Biennium
    The Spanish Liberal Biennium (1820–1823) was a period of liberal rule after a military uprising restored the 1812 Constitution. It ended with French intervention and the return of absolute monarchy under Ferdinand VII.
  • Exile in St. Helena

    Exile in St. Helena
    After his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena, where he lived under British supervision until his death in 1821.
  • Independence of Greece

    Independence of Greece
    The Independence of Greece began in 1821 with a revolt against Ottoman rule. It was achieved in 1830 with support from Britain, France, and Russia.
  • Death of Napoleon

    Death of Napoleon
    Napoleon died on May 5, 1821, in exile on St. Helena, likely from stomach cancer, marking the final end of his long and turbulent reign.
  • Charles X, king of France

    Charles X, king of France
    Charles X was King of France from 1824 to 1830 and pursued conservative, pro-monarchist policies. His rule ended with the July Revolution, forcing him to abdicate and flee the country.
  • Independence of Belgium

    Independence of Belgium
    The Independence of Belgium began with a revolution in 1830 against Dutch rule. It was officially recognized in 1831, and Belgium became a constitutional monarchy.
  • Louis Philippe, king of France

    Louis Philippe, king of France
    Louis-Philippe was King of France from 1830 to 1848, known as the "Citizen King" for his middle-class origins. His reign ended with the 1848 revolution, leading to the establishment of the French Second Republic.
  • The Zollverein

    The Zollverein
    The Zollverein was a German customs union established in 1834 to create economic unity among German states. It promoted free trade and paved the way for political unification under Prussia.
  • France Second Republic

    France Second Republic
    The French Second Republic was established in 1848 after the overthrow of Louis-Philippe. It lasted until 1852, when Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon III.
  • Revolution of 1848, the Spring of Nations

    Revolution of 1848, the Spring of Nations
    The Revolution of 1848, also called the Spring of Nations, was a series of uprisings across Europe demanding liberal reforms and national independence. Though most were suppressed, they marked a turning point in European political and social movements.
  • France's Second Republic

    France's Second Republic
    France's Second Republic was established in 1848 after the fall of King Louis-Philippe. It introduced universal male suffrage and ended in 1852 when Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte declared the Second Empire.
  • France's Second Empire: Napoleon III

    France's Second Empire: Napoleon III
    France's Second Empire began in 1852 when Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. His rule saw modernization and expansion but ended with defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.
  • Battles of Magenta and Solferino

    Battles of Magenta and Solferino
    The Battles of Magenta and Solferino were fought in 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence. Franco-Sardinian forces defeated Austria, helping to drive them out of northern Italy.
  • Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

    Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
    In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Expedition of the Thousand and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. His victory was key to the unification of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.
  • Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy

    Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy
    Victor Emmanuel II became the first King of a unified Italy in 1861. He played a central role in the unification process alongside leaders like Cavour and Garibaldi.
  • Danish-Prussian War

    Danish-Prussian War
    The Danish-Prussian War of 1864 was fought over control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, gaining influence in German-speaking territories.
  • Austrian-Prussian War

    Austrian-Prussian War
    The Austrian-Prussian War of 1866, also called the Seven Weeks' War, was a conflict over dominance in Germany. Prussia's victory excluded Austria from German affairs and led to the formation of the North German Confederation.
  • French Prussian War

    French Prussian War
    The Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) was a conflict between France and Prussia that ended in French defeat. It led to the fall of Napoleon III and the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
  • Wilhelm I, Kaiser of the II German Reich

    Wilhelm I, Kaiser of the II German Reich
    Wilhelm I was the first Kaiser of the German Empire, reigning from 1871 to 1888. His leadership during the unification of Germany under Prussia solidified his role in the creation of the Second Reich.