Untitled

The restoration

By Luken Ramos
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    Louis XVIII, King of France

    Restored to the throne after Napoleon’s defeat.
    His moderate reign tried to balance royalist and liberal demands.
  • Congress of Vienna

    Congress of Vienna

    European powers met to restore order after Napoleon’s fall.
    It redrew Europe’s borders and reinstated monarchies.
  • Waterloo Battle

    Waterloo Battle

    It was a crucial confrontation in Belgium, between the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied British, German and Prussian forces.
  • Spanish Liberal Biennium

    Spanish Liberal Biennium

    Liberal forces re-established the 1812 Constitution in Spain. It ended when France intervened to restore absolutism.
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    Charles X, King of France

    A reactionary king who sought to restore absolute monarchy.
    His policies triggered the July Revolution of 1830.
  • Independence of Greece

    Independence of Greece

    Greeks fought a long war to break free from Ottoman rule. They gained independence with help from major European powers.
  • Independece of Belgium

    Independece of Belgium

    Nationalist uprisings led to secession from the Netherlands. Belgium was recognized as an independent, neutral state.
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    Louis Philippe, King of France

    Came to power as the "Citizen King" after Charles X's fall. He was overthrown during the revolution of 1848.
  • The Zollverein (German Customs Union)

    The Zollverein (German Customs Union)

    An economic alliance of German states led by Prussia.
    It removed trade barriers and promoted economic unity.
  • Revolution of 1848 / Spring of Nations

    Revolution of 1848 / Spring of Nations

    Massive uprisings spread across Europe demanding reforms. They called for democracy, national unity, and workers’ rights.
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    France’s Second Republic

    Formed after the 1848 revolution against Louis Philippe. It ended when Louis-Napoleon seized power as emperor.
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    France’s Second Empire: Napoleon III

    Louis-Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. His reign saw modernization and foreign military ventures.
  • Battles of Magenta and Solferino

    Battles of Magenta and Solferino

    France and Sardinia defeated Austria in northern Italy. These battles paved the way for Italian unification.
  • Garibaldi Conquers the Kingdom of the Two Sicilie

    Garibaldi Conquers the Kingdom of the Two Sicilie

    Garibaldi’s volunteer army overthrew the southern monarchy. He handed the lands to King Victor Emmanuel II.
  • Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy

    Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy

    Proclaimed the first king of a unified Italy.
    He played a central role in the unification process.

  • Danish-Prussian War

    Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein. This marked the start of Bismarck’s unification campaigns.

  • Austro-Prussian War

    Prussia decisively defeated Austria in seven weeks.
    This excluded Austria from German affairs and united the north.

  • Franco-Prussian War

    Prussia’s victory over France unified the German states. It led to the fall of Napoleon III and the birth of the German Empire.

  • Wilhelm I, Kaiser of the Second German Reich

    Proclaimed Emperor in Versailles after Prussia’s victory. He became the first ruler of a unified Germany.