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Restored to the throne after Napoleon’s defeat.
His moderate reign tried to balance royalist and liberal demands. -
European powers met to restore order after Napoleon’s fall.
It redrew Europe’s borders and reinstated monarchies. -
It was a crucial confrontation in Belgium, between the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied British, German and Prussian forces. -
Liberal forces re-established the 1812 Constitution in Spain. It ended when France intervened to restore absolutism. -
A reactionary king who sought to restore absolute monarchy.
His policies triggered the July Revolution of 1830. -
Greeks fought a long war to break free from Ottoman rule. They gained independence with help from major European powers. -
Nationalist uprisings led to secession from the Netherlands. Belgium was recognized as an independent, neutral state. -
Came to power as the "Citizen King" after Charles X's fall. He was overthrown during the revolution of 1848.
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An economic alliance of German states led by Prussia.
It removed trade barriers and promoted economic unity. -
Massive uprisings spread across Europe demanding reforms. They called for democracy, national unity, and workers’ rights. -
Formed after the 1848 revolution against Louis Philippe. It ended when Louis-Napoleon seized power as emperor.
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Louis-Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. His reign saw modernization and foreign military ventures.
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France and Sardinia defeated Austria in northern Italy. These battles paved the way for Italian unification. -
Garibaldi’s volunteer army overthrew the southern monarchy. He handed the lands to King Victor Emmanuel II. -
Proclaimed the first king of a unified Italy.
He played a central role in the unification process. -
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein. This marked the start of Bismarck’s unification campaigns.
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Prussia decisively defeated Austria in seven weeks.
This excluded Austria from German affairs and united the north. -
Prussia’s victory over France unified the German states. It led to the fall of Napoleon III and the birth of the German Empire.
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Proclaimed Emperor in Versailles after Prussia’s victory. He became the first ruler of a unified Germany.
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Sailors rebelled against brutal discipline and poor conditions, becoming a powerful symbol of resistance to Tsarist authority. -
Imperial troops fired on peaceful demonstrators, shattering public trust in the Tsar and sparking nationwide unrest. -
The Tsar promised civil liberties and created the Duma in an effort to calm strikes and revolutionary pressure. -
Food shortages and wartime hardship led workers and soldiers to revolt, beginning the February Revolution. -
The killing of the Austrian heir by a Serbian nationalist triggered diplomatic crises and alliance obligations, setting off World War I. -
This declaration followed failed diplomacy and marked the formal beginning of large-scale conflict in Europe. -
Germany’s action expanded the conflict and pulled the Russian Empire fully into World War I. -
Facing military collapse and mass protests, Nicholas II stepped down, ending the Romanov dynasty. -
With German assistance, Lenin returned to lead the Bolsheviks and promote radical slogans like “Peace, Land, Bread.” -
The Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government in a swift and organized uprising in Petrograd. -
The new government was legitimized by Soviet representatives, transferring authority to Bolshevik leadership. -
The Bolsheviks halted fighting in World War I to focus on internal political consolidation. -
Multiple factions fought across Russia, causing massive destruction, famine, and loss of life.
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Russia exited World War I at the cost of vast territories, angering many Russians and former allies. -
Former POWs rebelled along the Trans-Siberian Railway, helping trigger the Russian Civil War. -
The Bolsheviks executed Nicholas II and his family to prevent their rescue by anti-Bolshevik forces. -
The fighting stopped across Europe, and Russia’s Brest-Litovsk treaty was later canceled. -
Lenin allowed limited private trade and farming to revive the economy after years of war and famine. -
The Soviet Union was officially created, uniting several republics under Bolshevik control. -
Lenin’s death led to a fierce power struggle that eventually allowed Joseph Stalin to rise. -
Germany invaded Poland, triggering the start of World War II. -
German forces captured Paris during the invasion of France. -
The Royal Air Force defended Britain against German air attacks and prevented a Nazi invasion. -
Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. -
Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into World War II. -
The United States defeated Japan in a decisive naval battle that changed the course of the Pacific War. -
Soviet forces defeated Germany in one of the deadliest and most important battles of the war. -
Allied forces defeated Germany in North Africa, marking a major turning point in the desert war. -
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met to plan Allied strategy against Germany. -
Allied troops landed in Normandy, beginning the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. -
Allied leaders discussed the postwar reorganization of Europe. -
forces captured the island of Iwo Jima after intense fighting against Japan. -
Soviet troops captured Berlin, leading to Hitler’s downfall and Germany’s surrender. -
Germany officially surrendered, ending World War II in Europe. -
The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan’s surrender.
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