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In Florence during the 14th and 15th centuries, artists such as Giotto, Brunelleschi, and Botticelli created masterpieces that defined the Renaissance. -
Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press, revolutionizing the dissemination of knowledge. Books like the Bible and scientific treaties could now be widely distributed, transforming access to education. -
In 1492, Christopher Columbus reached America, funded by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain,he traveled on three boats La Pinta La Niña and La Santa María.This discovery ushered in a new era of cultural exchange but also colonization and transformation of indigenous peoples. -
A series of conflicts between France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and Italian city-states over control of the Italian Peninsula.
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Vasco da Gama led a voyage to India, establishing the first direct sea route from Europe. This marked a turning point in the spice trade and European colonial expansion.
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Under Pope Julius II, construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome began, led by Bramante. This monumental project, later involving artists like Michelangelo, symbolized the Catholic Church’s power and the magnificence of Renaissance art.
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During this time, Michelangelo created his masterpiece, the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
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Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg church, criticizing Catholic Church practices like the sale of indulgences. -
The Siege of Vienna in 1529 was a critical battle during the Ottoman-Habsburg wars. The Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempted to capture Vienna, a key European city. Despite the overwhelming Ottoman forces, the defenders, led by Ferdinand I of Austria and supported by local militias, successfully repelled the siege. -
Galileo Galilei used a telescope to make groundbreaking observations, including the discovery of Jupiter's moons and the phases of Venus.